Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/364

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!y proper Scafons to go arid come from a Place that would ob- iiruct their Generation, or not afford convenient Food for them and their Young; or how they (hou'd know which Way tofteer their Courfe, and whither to go ; is a difficult Consideration. Phyf. fhecl L. VII.

(7$9) PAS

by the Mediation of the Or :

immediately, or material Ones, gans of the Body.

The animal paffwns he defines by thofe Efforts produced by Spirits or Bodies, immediately on the Body.

Hence as outward Objects may beconfider'd either as Goods

the

Form of St. Andrews Drots ; wnen, letting thole two on the 'rieapiraoie and wamjia: And in this Senfc all the Pajfw...

Ground again, he raifes the other two; and thus alternately ; may be reduced to Love and Hatred; of which fey, and Sor-

never gaining above a Foot of Ground at a Time. row, Hope and Fear, are only fo many Modifications', or Com-

The Beauty of the Paffage confifts in keeping the Legs a plexions, according to the various Appearances, Pofitions, igil

good while in the Air ; fetting that afide, the Motion or the of the Object. Legs in the Paffage is the fame as in pacing and trotting. ^ In Effect, all the Paffwns may not only be reduced to two;

1'assage, inMufic, a Portion of an Air, or Tune, confiding viz. Love and Hatred ; but, perhaps, to one, Love; and even

of feveral little Notes, as Quavers, Demi-quavers, j-jfc. Jailing that may be : all refolved into Self-kite ; and that into a Prin-

one, two, or at moll, three Meafures. ciple of Self-frefervaticn; or neceflary invincible Defire of Plea-

Thus what the Italians call contra pinto d'un Col paffo, is a fure or Happinefs. The Reft are only Rivulets from this

Portion in the Beginning of the Song, confiding of one, two, or Source; or fpeciai Applications of this Principle to particular

three Meafures, which is to be imitated in other Notes ; not with the fame Strings or Tones, but only obferving the fame Motion, Number, and Figure as in the Notes of the firft paffage ; which is one of the Kinds of contra punto perfi- diato.

PASSALORHYNCHITES, a Seft of Montanifts in the fecond Century ; who made Proteffion of perpetual Silence, and, the better to maintain it, kept the Thumb continually on their Lips; founding their Practice on that of the Pfalmifi, Set aguard, Lord, on my Mouth. St. Jerom mentions his having met with fome of 'em in his Time. See Mont a.- nists.

PASSANT, in Heraldry, a Term applied to an Animal in

Occafions.

Thus the Defire of any Thing under the Appearance ofits Goodnefs, Suitablenefs, or Neceflity to our Happinefs contii- tutes the 'Paffion oj Love ; the Defire of efchewiug or avoiding any Thing apprehended to be mifchievous, hurtful, or dellruc- tive, conftitutes Hatred or Averjion : The Defire of a Good, which appears at the fame Time probable, and in our Power conftitutes Hope; but if the Good appear improbable, difficult! or impoffible, it conftitutes Fear or Deffair : The unexpec- ted Gratification of Defire is fey ; The Defire of Happinefs to another under Pain, or Suffering, is Companion; and the De- fire of another's Punimmenr, Revenge or Malice, &c.

The tingle Defire of Happinefs, then, is the Spring or Mo-

a Shield, appearing to walk ; or, ro the ordinary Pofture of tive of all our Pajjions ; as" thofe are of all our Actions. Some

terreftrial Animals. ^ wife and reafonable Motive, or End of Action, fays Dr. Mor-

Thuswe fay, he bears Gules two Lions Paffants over one gan, is certainly neceffary to all wife and reafonable Action ;

another. to act without a Motive, wou'd be the fame Thing as not to

In moftBeafls, except Lions, they frequently ufe Tripping, act at all, that is, fuch an Action cou'd anfwer no farther or

inftead of Pajjdnt. better End than not acting ; and confequently the Action, as

PASSION, a Term undcrftood of the different Motions, and well as the Agent, wou'd be fo far infignificant and ufelefs.

Agitations of the Soul, according to the different Objects that He who ftiou'd have no Object at all of his Love or Avcrfion,

prefent fhemfelvcs to the Senfes. See Son l. HopeorFear, Joy or Grief, miiS be limply and purely indif-

In Propriety, all thofe Motions whereby the Soul is carried ferent to all Aclion ; and confequently mutt either b; in a

towards any Thing ; asLove, Ambition, Revenge, iSc. are ra- State of perfect Reft and Inaction, or in a State, equivalent

fher Actions than Paffwns; and on the contrary, thofe Motions thereto; wherein the Actions of fuch a Being cou'd be of no

whereby the Soul finds itfelf interrupted in its Action, as Grief, more Significancy, than the uncertain Fluctuation of an Atom,

i$c. are the only real Pajjions. See Action. or the Whivering ofa Feather in the Air.

We find various Modifications and Imprcffions ofPleafure The natural, or occafional Caufe of all the T'offions, Male-

andPain, infeparably annex'd by an eftablilh'd LawofNa- branch makes to be the Motion of the animal Spirits, which

ture, to the feveral Judgments we form concerning Good and are diffufed thro' the Body to produce, and preferve a Difpo-

Evil: Thefc Judgments, with their refpective Modifications fition therein, fuitable to the Object perceiv'd ; to the End,

of Plcaf ure or Pain annex'd, according to the various Appear- the Body and Mind may mutually affilt each other on this Oc-

ances and Relations of the Object: confidcred, either as good
 * evil, prefent or ahfent, certain or uncertain, probabie orim-

cafion ; it being the Order of the Creator, that our Wills be followed by Motions of the Body proper to execute them; and

probable, poffiblc or impoffible, and affecting the Machinein a that the Motions of theBody mecnamcally excited in us by th certain Manner peculiar to the Modifications ; make what we View of

certain Manner pecul: call thePafJions.

How, or by what Means, this mutual Action and Commu- nication between Soul and Body is effected, we are, in a great Meafure, ignorant : We have but very obfeure and taint No- tions of any Thing prior, or more fimple to refolve it into ; ex-

external Objects, be accompanied with a Paffion of the Soul which inclines us to will or nill what appears fervicea- ble or noxious to the Body.

'Tis a continual Impreffion of rhe Will of the Creator, that

unites us thus intimately to a Piece of Matter, and occafions

this Reciprocation of Motions and Senfations : Were this Im-

pt the immediate Will and Agency of the firlt Caufe itfelf. preffion of the Creator's Will fufpended a Moment, we fliould

See Communication, Cause, err. De delivered from all Dependance, all Paffwns, t£c. For, what

Malebranch defines the Paffwns to be all thofe Emotions People ufually imagine ofa neceflary Connection between the

naturally arifingin the Soul, on occafion of extraordinary Mo- Motions of the Spirits and Blood, and the Emotions of the Soul,

tions of the animal Spirits, and the Blood : In Oppofition to is inconceivable.

thofe Motions of the Soul which are common to us with pure Some little Parts of the Bile, fay they, move with fome Intelligences, and which he calls Natural Inclinations. See Violence among the Fibres of the Brain: Therefore rhe Soul Natural Inclination. mult neceffarily be agitated with fome Paffion ; and this paf-

Tho' the Paffwns be infeparable from Inclinations ; and tho' fan be Anger, rather than Love. What Relation can we con- a Man be only capable of fenfible Love or Hatred, becaufe he ceive between the Faults of an Enemy, a Paffion of Contempt is capable of fpiritual Ones ; yet does it appear juft in that Au- or Hatred, and a bodily Motion of the Parts of the Blood, thor to diftinguilh between them. Pajjions are much ftronger ftriking againft certain Parts of the Brain ? How can the Uni- and warmer than Inclinations ; their Objects are different, and n or Alliance of two Things fo different as Spirit or Matter fo are their Caufes : Paffwns and Inclinations differ juft as he effected, but by the omnipotent Will of the Author of Na- much as Senfc and Imagination. ture ?

In Effect, the Paffwns of the Soul are Imprcffions of the 'Tis a Point, about which the Divines and Philofophers can Author of Nature,which incline us to our Bodies, and all Things never agree ; whether this Relation and Connection of Thoughts that may be of Ufe to their Prefervation : Natural Inclinations of the Mind, and Motions of the Body, be the Gift of Nature, are Impreffions ol the Author of Nature, which determine us or the Puniffiment of the firft Sin ? And whether the Paffwns primarily to love him, as our fupreme Good. be the Inftitution of Nature, or the Corruption thereof. In-

The Philofophers are not agreed about the Number and Di- deed, confidering the good and wife Purpofesthe Pafficns ferve, vifionof the Paffwns : The ordinary Divifion is thus; the Paf- and that abfolute Neceflity they are of; 'tis furprizing it fions of the Concupifcible Appetite, are Pleafure and Pain, ihou'd ever be doubted, that they are effential to human Na- Xtefire and Averfion, Love and Hatred: Thofe of the Irafcible ture.

Appetite, are Anger, Courage, Fear, Hope, and Deffair. See This Union or Relation is found in all Men ; but in diffe- the Authors on the Subject of the Paffions ; lies Cartes, who rent Degrees, and of different Extent, according to the diffe- confiders them phyfically ; Coeffeteau who gives us the rent Temperaments, Conditions, Ages, Sexes, Occafions, Ob- tfableati, Vi&my of rhe Paffwns; La Chambre, the Characters jects, fgs. E. gr. Thus, our Union or Relation to fenfible of the Paffions ; and Fa'th. Senault, the Ufe of the Paf- Objects we have feen, is ftronger than that to Things we have fions. only heard ralk of. And thus the Great have a Relation to

Dr. Cheyne confiders the Pajjions as either Spiritual or Ani- many more Things, than others, their Slavery is more exter.- mal: The Sfiritnal Pajjions he defines to be thofe Sentiments five. A General, E. gr. retains or has a Relation to all his produced in the Soul by external Objects, either fpiritual Ones Soldiers, as they all refpect him ; and 'tis this Slavery that u-

fually