Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/362

 PAR

( 757 )

?AR

declined likcwife j thus they fay audiens, atidlentis, audienti, &c. and in the French the Pronouns Paifive are declinable like their other Adjectives, as jf'ay lu, eile a hie t nous avons his, &c.

We take this Occafion to obferve, that Declenfion is a Thing perfectly accidental to the feveral Kinds ot Words, i. e. the changing or not changing the Termination : The Zatins,E.gr. have indeclinable Nouns, as Cornu and Nequafc, yet both Zatius and Italians decline their Adverbs as fortiter, fortif- Jime j bene, benijjlmo, ike. and fome Nations icarce conjugate their Verbs at alUndeed the Evgl-jh do it very littlein Com- panion with the Latins, Greeks, French, &c.

In our Language the Participle and Gerunds, are not at all diitinguifhabie. See Gerund.

PARTICLE, inPhyficks, the minute Part of a Body ; of an Affemblage or Coalition of feveral whereof Natural Bodies are composM. See Body.

Particle in the new Philofophy, is frequently ufed in the fame Senfe with Atom in the anticnt Epicurean Philofophy; and Corpufcfe in the later. See Atom and Corpuscle.

Some of the more accurate Writers, however,diftinguim 'em ; making Particle an Affemblage or Composition, of two or more primitive, and pbylically indivisible Corpufcles or Atoms ; and Bcdy, an Affemblage or Mafs of feveral Particles or fe- condary Corpufcles. SccElement.

Indeed, the Diftinction is of no great Moment j and, as to moil: Purpofcs of Phy licks, Particle may be understood as fynony- mous with Ccrpufcle. Particles, then, are, as it were, the Ele- ments of Bodies : 'Tis the various Arrangement, and Texture of thefe, with the Difference of the Cohefion, ESfa that contti- tute the various Kinds of Bodies, bard, [oft, liquid, dry, heavy, light, &c.

The fmalle'fl Particles or Corpufcles cohere with the ftrong- eft Attractions, and compofe bigger Panicles of weaker Co- hefion 5 and many of theie cohering compofe bigger Particles wHole Vigour is irill weaker ; and thus on for divers Succef- fions till the Progreffion end in the bigger! Particles, whereon the Operation in Ghymiftry, and the Colours of natural Bo- dies depend, and which, by cohering compofe Bodies of fen- fibJe Bulks. See Matter.

ihe lot efon oj the Particles of Matter, the Epicureans imagined was effected by Means of hooked Atoms ; the Ari- ftctehaus by Reft, that is, by nothing at all. But Sir Ifaac Jgeuoton /hews it is done by means of a certain Power whereby the Particles mutually attract or tend to each other. See C o-

H E.S ION.

By this Attraction of the Particles he mews that molt of the (phenomena of the leffer Bodies are effected ; as thofe of the heavenly Bodies are by th.3 Attraction of Gravity.

Er.r the Laws of this Attraction of the Particles. See At- traction.

All Bodies, the fame great Author mews, conlift of the tame folid perfectly hard Particles or Corpufcles.

Particli:, in Grammar, a little indeclinable Word, confining of one or two Syllables at the molt. See Word, ££/C

nor conjugated. 'Bnghtlan.t calls Particles, Manners of Words, becaufe rather ferving to exprefs the Circumftances and Man- ners of other Ideas and Objects of the Mind, than to reprefent any diftittfi Objects of their own,
 * i%ofe alone are properly P-articles which are not declined

Particles may be reduced under three Heads : The firft fliew the Manners or Qualities of Words, by being added to them 5 call'd Adverbs. See Adverb.

The fecond denote fome Circumftances of Actions and join Words to Words, Sentence to Sentence, &c. See Con- junction.

The third exprefs the Emotions of the Soul. Sec Inter- jection.

'Tis in therightUfeof particles, Mr. Zveke obferves, that more particularly confifts the Clearnefs and Beauty of a good Style. To exprefs the Dependance of his Thoughts and Rea- fonings one upon anothor, a Man muff: have Words to fhew what Connection, Reftriction, DiftincHon, Oppofition, Em- phafis, &c. he gives to each refpective Part of his Dif- courfc. This camiot be rightly unck-rftood, without a clear View of the Poftures, Stands, Turns, Limitations, Exceptions, and feveral other Thoughts of the Mind. Of thefe there are a great Variety much exceeding the Number of Particles, that moft Languages have to exprefs them by ; for which Reafon it happens that moft of thefe Particles have divers, and fometimes almoii oppoiite Significations.

Thus the Particle But in Englip, has feveral very different Significations $ as in, But to fay no more ; where it intimates a Stop of the Mind in the Courfe it was going, before it came to the End of it. I faw but two Planets : Here it mews that the Mind limits the Senfe to what is exprefs'd with a Nega- tion of all other. You pray, but it is not that God would bring you to the true Religion, but that he would confirm you an your own. The former of thefe intimates a Suppofition in the Mind, of fomefhing otherwife, than irJEould be 5 the lat- ter ftiews that the Mind makes a direct Opposition between that and what goes before. All Animals have Senfe, but a Dog is

an Animal : Here it fignifies the Connection of the latter Pro:: pofltion with the former.

Particles is alfo a Term ufed in Theology, and particularly in the Greek Church, where 'tis call'd /«e««f. In the Latin Church the Name Particles is given to the Crums or little Pieces of Confecrated Bread. In the Greek Church they hate a particular Ceremony, call'd t<5V fteeiJWj oj the Particies, wherein certain Crums of Eread not confecrated, are offer 'd up in Honour of the Virgin, St. John Sappijt, and feveral other Saints. They alfo give the Name *pavy«g£ Oblation, to thefe Particles. Gabriel, Archbifliop of Philadelphia, has a litiJe Treatife exprefs met -rm wu£m, wherein he endeavours to fhew the Antiquity of this Ceremony, in that it is mentioned in the Liturgies of St. Chryfoftom, and 'Bafii-.

There has been a coniiderable Difpute on this Head, between the Reformed and the Catbolick Divines. Jbibertm and Bion- del explain a Paffageln the Theory of Germain, Patriarch of Conftantinople, where he mentions the Ceremony of the Par- ticles as in ufe in his Time 5 in Favour of the former : MeC- dents de port Royale conteft the Explanation: But M. Simon in his Notes on Gabriel of Philadelphia, endeavours to mew^ that the Paffage is an Interpolation ; not being found in the antient Copies of Germain: And confequenrly that the Dif- pute is from the Purpofe.

L'akticle, out oj Share, in Affronomy. See Particula ex- fors.

PARTICULA exfors, in Aftronomy, the Difference be- tween the ^Equatorial Triangle LAC, (Tab.Aflronow. Fig. 32; and its Fellow, BL2, See Equation.

To find the Particula exjbrs, the Menftrual Eccentricity AC, and the Annual Augment of Longitude HAD, being given } from thefData in the Triangle B C A, find [he Hypothe- nufe A B to the Angle C 5 and to the Angle CAB, i;d G B. Multiply CB into half the Menftrual Eccentricity AC ■ the Product is the Area of the Triangle AC B. Find Likewise the Atea of a Circle defcribed by the Radius of the Eccentric B L. Then as the Area of the Circle is to $60° or 1 29600" j fo is the Area of the Triangle ACB to its Value in thofe Se- conds : which Value is the Particula exjbrs.

PARTICULAR, a relative Term, referring to Species, or Individual; and oppofed to General, or Univerfal. See Gene- ral, £5?c.

In the Schools, Particular is defined to be fomething in- cluded under an Univerfal ; as Man under Animai. Some- times it is taken for an Individual, as Peter 'j See Individ ualj There is this Difference between Particular, and Sing'Uar that Particular denotes a Thing taken as a Part; as Peter in refpect of Mankind : Whereas Singular denotes the Part taken after the Manner of a Whole-^ as Peter confidered in himfelf.

PARTICULARISM among Polemical Divines, a Perfon who holds for Particular Grace^ n e. who teaches or believes that Chrijl died for the Elect only,- and not for Mankind in genera!. See Grace.

PARTIES, in Law, are thofe who are named in a Deed or Fine, as Parties to it j as thofe that levy the Fine and to whom the Fine is levied. See Fine.

So thofe that make any Deed, and they to whom it is made are called Parties in the 2)eed, Sec Deed.

PARTILE AfteB, in Ailrology, the moft exaft and full Afpectthat can be. See Aspect.

PARTING, or DEPARTING, a Method of feparating Gold and Silver by Means of Aqua fcrtis. See Gold andSm-

VER.

7 'joe Method hereof ] fee tinder the Articles Depart and Refining.

PARTITION, the Act of parting, or dividing, or diltri- butinga Thing. See Division and Distribution.

The Name Partitiones Oratcrice, is alfo given to a Dialogue of Cicero's between him and his Son 5 in regard the Difcourfe is, as it were, parted or divided betweeen 'em.

Partition, in Law, a dividing of Lands, defcended by the Common-Law, or Cuftom, among Co-heirs, where there are two at leaft.

This partition is made four Ways, whereof three are by Agreement, the fourth by Compnlfion.

The firft partition by Agreement is, when they divide the Land equally themfelves into fo many Parts as there are Co- heirs ; thefecond, when each chufes fome of their Friends to make Divifion for them.

The third is by drawing Lots, thus : Having firft: divided the Land into as many Parts, as there are Perfons, they write every Part feverally in a diftinct Scroll, and wrapping it up, throw each intoaHat, or fuch like Thing 5 out of which each one draws according to his Superiority ; and fo the Land is fe- verally allotted. *

The fourth Partition, which is by Compullion is, when one or more of the Heirs, by Reafon of the Refufal of fome other, fues out a Writ of Partitions facienda $ by Force whereof they mail be compelled to divide.

In Kent, where Land is of Gavel-kind Nature, they call their Partition^ Shifting.

9 O par^