Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/348

 PAP

P ANNUS, in Medicine, (gc. a Difeafe of the Eye, popu- larly call'd the Wei '; and by the Arabs, Zebel.

The Pannus is an Excrefcence arifing on the Adnata or ConpnStva ; lefs hard and membranous than the Unguis ; and reprefenting a Web, or TifTue of little Veins fwell'd with Blood. See Conjunctiva.

Its Caufe is an Obftruction of the Blood in the minute Vef- fels of that Tunic. Its Cure is almoft the fame with that of the (Pterygium or Unguis ; between which, and the P>amnis, there is a great Affinity. See Pterigium.

The chief Difference is, that in the Unguis, the membra- nous Excrefcence only covers Part of the Eye, after the man- ner of a Nail ; whereas in the 'Panmis it covers the whole.

PANTALOON or PANTALON, the Name of an an- tient Garment, frequent among our Fore-fathers, confifling of Breeches and Stockings all of a Piece.

The Word comes from the Italians, who firft introduced this Habit, and who are called Pantahni from St. 'Pantaloon, who was formerly their Patron.

Pantaloon, on the Theatre, is a Buffoon or Mafk who performs High and Grotefque Dances, and ihews violent and extravagant Poftures and Airs.

The Word is alfo ufed for the Habit or Drefs thefe Buffoons ufually wear; which is made precifely to theForm of their Bo- dy, and all of a-piece from Plead to Foot. Hence thofe who wear a Habit of this Kind, for Conveniency, under their other Cloaths are call'd Pantaloons of Venice.

PANTHEA, among the Romans, were fingle Statues, com- pofed of the Figures or Symbols of feveral different Divinities. See Statue.

Father jfoubert, who calls them Pantheons, and who has obferved them on feveral Medals, fays their Heads are mull commonly adorn'd with Symbols belonging to feveral Gods.

An Inltance hereof we have in a Medal of Antoninus Pitts ; which at the fame timereprefents Serapis,by the Buihel it bears; the Sun, by the Crown of Rays ; JupiterAmraon, by the Ram's Horns; Pluto, by the large Beard; and Ffculapius,by the Ser- pent twilled in his Hand. See Statue.

M. Bandelet, in a Differtation on the Lares, will have the P>antheonsto have had then-Rife fromthe Superftition of thofe, who, taking feveral Gods for the Protectors of their Houfes, united them all in the fame Statue, by adorning it with the fe- veral Symbols, proper to each oi thofe Deities. See Lares.

PANTHEON, in Architecture's a Temple, or Church of a circular Form ; dedicated to all the Gods, or all the Saints. See Temple and Church.

It is thus named from the Greek wzv all, and Stos God.

The pantheon of antient Rome, is, of all others, the mofi celebrated, and that whence they all take their Name. It was built by Agrippa, Son-in-law of Auguftus, in his third Confu- late, 25 Years before Chrift. It was dedicated by him to Jtl- fiter Ultor, Jupiter the Revenger; and had the Name Pan- theon, by reafon of the great Number of Statues of the Gods ranged in Niches all around ; and becaufe built round, to re- present Heaven, the Refidcnce of all the Gods. It had but one Door, and one Window ; receiving all its Light from the Top of its Dome.

The Pope, obtaining it of the Emperor Phocas, converted it into a Church, without any Alteration in the Building, and de- dicated it to the Virgin and all the Martyrs. And it ftill fub- fifts at Rome under the Title of Notre Dame delta Rotonda. SccRotonda.

The Pantheon ofNijines, was a Temple in that City, where- in were 12 Niches or Statues, fuppofed to have beendeftin'd for the 1 2 great Gods.

In the Efcurial is a magnificent Chapel, call'd Pantheon, 55 Feet in Diameter, and 38 high, from the Pavement which is of Marble and jafper inlay'd. The whole Infide of the Chapel is of black Marble, excepting the Luthern and fome Ornaments of Jafper and red Marble.

In this Chapel are depofited the Bodies of the Kings and Queens : there are only Places made for 26 ; eight of which are already fill'd. See Escurial.

PAPAL Crown is a deep Cap, or Mitre of Cloth of Gold, encompaffed with three Coronets or Circles of Gold, adorn'd with Flowers ; and the Whole enrich'd with precious Stones; having a Globe at top, finilhed with a Crofs. Sec Crown.

PAPILLA, in Anatomy, Nipple or 'Hat, a Prominence arifing from the Middle of the Breaft, or Mamma. See Breast.

The Colour of the PapilU is various ; in different States, and Stages of Life, itisreddifh, bhiifh, blackim. They arc encompaffed with a pale brownim. Circle, call'd the Areola.

The lacteal Tubes, coming from the feveral Parts of the Breafts, terminate in the Papilla, with feveral nervous, or fpongious Emiffaries which communicate with each other by Anafiomafes, thro' which, in fucking, the Milk is drawn. See Milk.

■ Papillje Pyramidales, are little Emminences arifing from the fubcutaneous Nerves.

Under the Cutis lies a thick Congeries of Nerves, wove into a Kind of Membrane; together with Arteries, Veins, and

( 343 )

PAP

Lymphaticks ; Thefe Nerves {landing out above the T-vrf form little y^fe, wllich, ; ^f^ b£ScS *&ri them by the Sura Mater, foVthe Corpus renculafe "firft obferv d by Malpngf, in the Feet, Hands, and Tongue ■ and

"17, y Rvyfch ' tlaroughout the Wh ° k **>?• ^'kS

Vagin, Labia, Oefophagus, V^f^Z^t^i T.psof theFingersandToes, where the Cam they a "covered withal is extremely thin. See Cutis "=/■»« covered

Papilla of the Tongue are little Eminences of theTonoue ' fo called from the.r Refemblance to the Papilla of the Breaft'

See lONGUE. -^ii-tiiT.

From the papillary Tunic of the Tongue arife numero,,, nervous ; Papal*, which, penetrating the v.tcousS bftTeov e them, terminate under the Surface of the Ton which are "inally 12 and are c^RJtoteMembranace fi being only Productions of the membranous Cell, called the Pelvis. See Pelvis

The PapilU ferve to diftill the Urine feparate'd from the Arteries, and brought them by the urinary Pipes, into the Pel- vis. bee Urine.

PAPILLARY in Anatomy, an Epithet given to a Tunic or Membrane of the Tongue, call'd Papillary Tunic, Papil- lary Membrane, or Papillary Body. ' p

The Papillary Tunic or Body is the third Tegument nlac'd beneath the exterior Membrane which lines theTonj-ue and the vifcous Subflance next under the fame. See Tongue

The Papillary Tunick full of Nerves derived from the fifth and ninth Pair. From this Tunic arife little Eminences call'd Pap,iy or Papillary Eminences. See Papilla '

The Salts andjuices of Bodies.ftriking againft thefe Promi- nences, occafion Undulations therein, which are immediately communicated to the Spirits contained in the Nerves, which carry them to the Brain, gfc. See Tasting

o,F A '"-^ ' Pr c 0lx JI' es i * Name th = Antients gave to the Olfaflery Nerves, from the Place of their Origin, to the Os Cri- broptm. See Nerve.

Dr. Drake thinks this Name becomes them better in this Place than that of Nerves : in regard they rather appear Pro- ductions of the Medulla Oblongata: whence the Olfaflory Nerves arife, than diftinct Nerves ; againft which their ma- niteft Cavities, and their Communication with the Ventricles argue. *

PAPILIONACEOUS in Botany, the Flowers of feme Plants are thus called, by Botamfts, as reprefenting fomething of the Figure of a Pafilw or Butterfly, with itsWinos difnlav'd See Plant. ° r ' ■

They have four fuch Leaves, joined together at the Extre mmes ; one in the Middle of the Flower is larger than the reft, and by lome called Vexittum, '

The Plants, that have this Flower.are of the leguminousKind, asPeaie, Vetches, g?c. '

PAPPUS, in Botany, that foft light Down, which grows out of the Seeds of fome Plants, as Thirties, Dandelion, Hawk- weed &f. and which buoys them up fo in the Air, that they may be blown any whereabout with the Wind. See Semina- tion.

This diftinguifhes a Clafs or Kind of Plants, which are hence denominated Pappofa, or pappi Flore.

PAR, in Commerce a Kind of Equality among Monies - or how much a Perfon muft giveof one Kind of Species, to render it juft equivalent to a certain Quantity f another

The Par differs from the Courfe of Exchange in this, that the Par op Exchange /hews what other Nations Ihou'd allow in Exchange; which is certain and fiVd : But the Courfe fhews what they will allow in Exchange ; which is uncertain and contingent, fometimes more, fometimes lefs. See Exchange.

2"& Par op Exchange of the French Cro-ivn of So Sols or 41. 6 d. Sterl. with Foreign Monies, both real and imaginary, ot molt of the Trading Cities of Europe, follows ; whence al- fo the Relation or Parity of thofe other Monies anion? them- felves, appears.

The French Crowns of 60 Sols is equivalent to 54 Pence Sterl. of England; to 100 Denier s Grafs of Holland; and to 101, ofthofeofCMjgae. To 48 Sols-Lubs of Germany and Hambairg. To 88 Creuxs of Ausbourg and <>o of Francfirt, 83 ofBofoam, and 84 of Switzerland. To 8 f/ulio's and an half of Rome, and as many of Aucona; to three Peftons of Florence, ;8 Soldi of Leghorn, 83 of Geneva, 94 of Milan, 60

» Of