Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/339

 PAG

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P A I

The Name is taken from 'Paduan, a famous Italian Pain- ter, who fucceeded fo well in the Impofture, if it may be fo called, that the beft Judges are at a Lofs to diftinguifli 'em.

Paduan is, properly, applicable to thofe Medals only, which are ftruckon the Matrices of the Paduan; which areftill pre- ferv'd ; tho' it is frequently ufed in the general for all Medals of this Kind.

Jobert obferves, that there have been a Paduan and Parme- fan in Italy, and a Carteron in Holland, who had the Knack of imitating the Antique in Perfection.

This 'paduan was thus called, from the Place of his Birth, ^Padua: His proper Name was Lewis Zeo $ he flour ifli'd in the Beginning of the XVIIth Century. His Son Ocfavian, tho' born at Rome, was alfo called the Paduan.

P-iEAN, in Antiquity, a Hymn in Honour of Apollo, or fome of the other Gods 5 chiefly ufed on Occaiions of Victory and Triumph. See Hymn.

The Peean took its Name from Apollo himfelf 5 who was denominated Pcean, becaufe, in his Combat with the Serpent 'Python, his Mother Latona incouraged him to make ufe of his Arrows, by crying frequently & im'w Jo Pgan, i.e. finite, poot.

Thus Fepis, but Hefychim rather takes Apollo to have been denominated 3VtfK from vctla, ds&&uj&, \ heal; in Allufion to his being the Deity of Medicine.

P.&AN or P^ON was alfo the Name of a Foot in the an- cient Poetry 5 fo called, as commonly fuppofed, becaufe ap- propriated to the Hymn P<ean ; tho' ^inntilian derives the Name from its Inventor Pceon, a Phyfician. See Foot.

It confitted oftbur Syllables, the firft long, the reft ihort 5 as continuus, jacillimus, fceleratus, &e.

VJEDOSaptifm, Infant-Baptifm, or that conferr'd on Chil- dren. See Baptism.

The Word is a Compound of the Greek <a<3( •jj-aiJV Infant, and 3<**r7':Tj««jBaptifm.

PAGAN, a Heathen, Gentile, or Idolater; one who adores the falfeGods of Antiquity. See Idolater, Gentile, &c.

The Word comes from the Latin paganus, a Pagis, Villages. For when the Chriflians firft became Matters of the Cities, they obliged the Heathens to go and live in the Country, where they might ferve their falfe Gods in Safety.

The Abbot Floury gives another Etymology of the Word 'Pagan. He obferves that the Emperor Ccnfla-ntine, going from Antiocb againft Maxe?ztms in 350. aflembled all his Troops, and advis'd fuch as had not received Baptifm to re- ceive it immediately ; declaring withal, that fuch as ftiou'd be found unbaptiz'd fhou'd quit the Service, and go Home.

Hence, perhaps, fays the Abbot, the Name Pagan might be given to thofe who chofe the latter : The Latin Word, Pa- ganus, properly Signifying a Perfon who does not bear Arms ; in Oppofition to Miles.

And hence it might, in Time, extend to all Heathens. Or, continues he, the Word might come from Pagus, Village, whence the French Pais Country, in regard the Peafants were thofe who fluck longeft to the Idolatry of the Heathens.

PAGANISM, the Religious Worfhip and Difcipline of ^Pagans ; or the Adoration of Idols and falfe Gods.

The Gods oSpaganifm were either Men>asJupiter,Hercules, Sacch'Us,ckc. orfi&itkmsPerfons, asViBory, Fame, Fever, eke. or Beafts, as in Egypt, Crocodiles, Cats, &c. or inanimate Things, as Onions, Fire, Water, Sic. See God.

Sarcnuis derives the Word 'Paganus a Pagis Villages, be- caufe, when the ChriiHans became Mafters of the Cities, the Heathens were obliged by the Edicts of Confta.ntine and his Children, to go and live in the Country Villages, &c. Salma- fius will have the Word from Pagus, confidered as originally fignifying Gens or Nation: Whence we fay indifferently, Pa- ganism or Gentilifm.

PAGANALIA, an ancient rural Feaft, thus call'd, becaufe celebrated in the Villages, in Pagis. See Pagan.

In the Paganslia, the Peafants went in folemn ProcefTion all around the Village, making Luftrations to purify ir. They had alfo their Sacrifices, wherein they ofrer'd Cakes on the Altarsofthc Gods. See Feast.

Halicamajfccus and St. Jenm refer the Institution of the P>aganalia to Servius Tzillus. They were held in the Month of February,

PAGARCHUS, among the Ancients, a petty Magistrate of a Pagus or little Diftrift, in the Country; feveral Times mentioned in the Novels.

The Word is form'dfrom2VgmVilIage,and &tyj Command.

PAGE, a Youth of State, retain'd in the Family of a Prince, or greaiPerfonage, as an honourable Servant to attend inVi- fits^of Ceremony, do Meflages, bear up Trains, Robes, %£c. and at the fame Time to have a genteel Education, and learn hisExercifes.

The Pages, in the King's Houfhold, are various and have ■various Provinces affign'd 'em: As

'Pages of Honour, Pages of the Prefence- Chamber, Pages of the Back-Stairs.

Pages were anciently diftinguiftYd from the other Servants in Livery, by their wearing Drawers in lieu of Breeches 5 and

Sleeves turn'd up with Velvet.

The Word is found from the Greek-, 'sratf Child.

'Cujas and Gothefrid obferve, that Pages, in the Emperor's Families, were called Pedagogiani Puert. Fauchet fays, the Word Page was firft given to the little Boys who attend Tilers to bring 'em their Tiles, £f?f. That till the Time of Charles VI. or VII. the Name was common to the bafeft Servants,and that 'tis fince then, that Page is become a Term of Honour ; and the meaner Servants diitinguifh'd from 'cm by the Name of Zacqueys, &c.

PAGE is particularly ufed in the Seraglio, for the Children of Tribute; or, Slaves who wait on the Grand Signor. They are commanded by the fi&Aga ; and constitute four Gaffes, call'd Oda\. See Oda.

PAGE of a Book. See Printing.

PAGEANT, a Triumphal Car, Chariot, Arch, or other the like pompous Decoration, varioufly adorn 'd with Colours, Flags, ^.carried about in public Shews, ProcefTions, &C SeeDEco- ration, Procession, &c.

PAGOD, a Name the Pormgiiefe have given to all the Temples of the Indians, and Idolaters of the Eaft. See Temple.

The Pagods of the Chinefe and Siamefe are exceedingly mag- nificent. Among others, there is one at Golconda, whole Niche, that they pray in, confifts of a {Ingle Stone, of fuch. prodigious Bulk, that they were five Years in bringing it to to the Place ; cToo Men being conflantly employ'd at it all that Time; and the Machine, that brought it, drawn by 1400 Oxen.

The Revenues of the Paged of the Janigrate are fo great as to fubfift,every Day, from fifteen totwenty Thoufand Pilgrims.

Pagod is alfo ufed for the Idol adored in the Temple. See Idol.

Hence the Curious give the Name to thofe little purcelain Images brought from China.

Pagod is alfo the Name of a Gold Coin current in feve- ral Parts of the Indies; on the footing of the Piece ot Eight. See Coin, £5?r.

The Engiip coin Pagods at Fort St. George; and the %)utch at Palicate.

There are alfo fllver Pagods {truck at Narfmgua, Bifaa- garg, Sic. which ufually bear the Figure of fome monttrous Idol, whence their Names. They arc of various Values.

PAIN, an uneaiy Sensation, ariiing from a fudden and vio- lent Solution of Continuity in the Nerves, Membranes, Vef- fels, Mufcles, £$c. of the Body. See Pleasure.

Pain, according to fome, refides in a Motion in the Organs of Senfe ; according to others, it is an Emotion of the Soul, occafioned by thofe Organs. See Sense.

If it be inquired, what it is occafions the Pain of a Puncture ? One may anfwer, that the Puncture cannot feparatethe Fi- bres of the Flefli, without making the Nerves which proceed thence to the Brain. If it be further asked, why we feel Pain upon a fhaking of that Part of the Brain ? we are at a Stand; there br-ing no necefTary Connection between Concussions or the Brain, and the Senfation of Pain wherewith the Soul is affected.

To account, therefore, for Pain ; F. Mallebranch obferves, we muil have Recourfe to a fuperior Being, who forms an arbitrary Connection between the Shakes of the Erain,and the Senfations of Pain. See Sensation.

From thePhyfical Definition of Pain, it follows, that what- ever may diffract the Parts of the Nerves or Membranes from, one another may canfe Pain ; butthere is nothing in the Com- pafs of Nature, which may not do that, with whatever Figures, or Properties, it be endued: For fince fomewhat may always be apply'd or added to any other Borly,fuch Body may at length increafe into a Bulk too big to flow through a Canal of a given Diameter, and will therefore-^require more Room : Where- fore, while the Sides of a Canal are thruft outward, beyond. what they are ufed to be, that is, the Parts compofing thofe Sides, before contiguous, become loofened and moved away from one another ; if that Body strike upon thofe Sides with a brisk Impetus, and that Impetus be continually renew'd, the Solution will be confiderable, or the Nift/S towards a Solution violent, or there will be pain. Wherefore the constituent Parts of Fluids being fufficiently augmented in Dimension, and pro- pell'd with a continually repeated Impetus againft any Canal of our Body, may occafion that Solution, in which confifts the EfTenceof Pain.

For it comes to the fame Thing, whether fome Parts are added to a Body ; or the Parts of that Body are, by any Caufe whatioever, feparated to fo great an Interval, near the Sides of a Canal, as to conflitute a Dimenfion equal to that which arofe from the Addition of a new Part ; for the Bulk may fo far increafe both Ways, as that the natural Capacity of the Canal fhall not be big enough to contain it, without fome violent Di- latation, and aDiftraction of the Fibres it is compofed of : And confequently Pain muft enfue.

Farther, as there may be always fomewhat added to ano- ther Body ; fo from any Body may fomewhat be always taken away ; a Body fo diminiflied in Dimenfion, and impelled

with