Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/332

 ORT

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ORT

ORPIMENT, or Orpin, by the Latins, Mripigmenum, a Mineral, or Semi-Metal, ufually found in Copper Minesj and fuppofed to contain Particles of Gold ; which may be extracted by Chymiftry, but which were never found to countervail the Expence. See Mineral and Semi- Metal.

Orpiment is found in Stones, or Glebes, of feveral Sizes, and Figures : Its Gjlour is always yellow, intermixed with other Shades ; as green, red, orange, $3c.

Sometimes 'tis found almofl quite red 5 which is the pro- ber Sandarach of the Antients. See Sandarach.

But that ufually call'd red Orpiment, or red Arfenic, is only the yellow Orfiment heated to a great degree, and put in a Crucible, with Oil of Hemp-Seed, Olives, or Nuts.

Painters, Farriers, c>c. make a great Confumption of this Mineral ; but as it is found a violent Corrofive, and a dan- gerous Poifon, it mull be ufed with a great deal of Precau- tion.

Orpiment muft be chofen of a Golden Yellow, eafy to feale, and the Scales very thin, fmall, and /hining like Gold.

Some make three Kinds of Orpiment; White, which is the fame with Arfenic: See Arsenic. Tellow, which is the proper Orpiment; and Red, which is Sandarach or Realgal. bee Realgal.

The Indians ufe Orpiment, corrected with Juice of Le- mons, with good Succcfs againll Fevers.

ORTEIL, in Fortification. See Berme.

ORTHODORON, an antient Creek Meafure. See Measure.

ORTHODOXY, a Soundnefs of Doctrine, or Opinion, with regard to all the Points and Articles of Faith.

Orthodoxy is ufed in opposition to Heterodoxy, or Herefy. See Heresy.

The Word is form'd from the Greek oj.5w, Right, and ^<t, Opinion, Judgment.

ORTHODOXY, or Feaft of Orthodoxy, is alfo a fo- lemn Feall in the Gree^ Church, inflituted by the Emprefs Theodora ; ftill held on the foil Sunday of Lent, in memory of the Restoration of Images in Churches, which had been taken down by the Iconoclajies. See Iconoclastes.

ORTHOGONIAL, in Geometry, Right-angled. When the Term is referred to a plain Figure, it fuppofeth one Leg or Side to fland perpendicular to the other : When fpoken of Solids, it fuppofeth their Axis to be perpendicu- lar to the Plane of the Horizon.

ORTHOGRAPHY, in Grammar, the Art of Writing, or Spelling juftly, and with all the neceflary Letters. See Writing and Spelling.

The Word is form'd from the Greek yestf", and ep8«, refla fcriptio.

That Diversity found in mod of the modern Languages, efpecially the French, between the Pronunciation and Or- thography, makes one of the principal Difficulties in ac- quiring 'em ; yet does it arife from the fame Source as the Languages themfelves. See Language.

TheGW-s e.gr. forming a new Language from the an- tient Latin, took the Liberty to model the Words to their Fancy : At firit, indeed, 'tis probable they wrote as they pronounced ; but, by degrees, finding that Words pro- nounced with all their Letters founded harm, they began to pronounce more fmoothly. Thus, in fpeaking, they thought fit to foften that Harfhnefsrefulting from the con- currence and cla/hing of Confonants ; but as the Orthagra- thy, or Writing, did not offend the Ear, it ftill continued on its former looting.

Attempts have been fincc made to reduce the Writing to the Pronunciation, or to make us write as we fpeak ; which has occafion'd great Difputes. Felletier of Mam was the firft who pleaded for the Change of the Orthography ; and after him Maigret, Peter Ramus, de hois, Menage, and others 5 but in vain.

They have, however, occafion d a Schifm among Wri- ters which has done more harm than the evil they intended to reform : The French Writers being now divided into two Parties ; one of which retains to the old, and the other to the new Orthography. The latter, F. Buffer obferves, is the more confiderable Body, yet are thefe divided among themfelves ; feme being for carrying the Reformation much farther than others. ,.,,.-,,

The chief Matters urged in behalf of the antient Ortho- graphy, are, that by changing it, we mould lofe fight of the Origin and Etymology of Words borrow'd from the GreekmiLaiin,i£c. That it does not matter what Cha- racters are ufed to exprefs Sounds in writing, provided one know the relation between thofe Characters and the Sounds »hcy reprefent : That by a neceflary confequence of fuch Change, the Language would in time be all alter'd, and we mould lofe the Ufe of our old Authors 5 as ours, in their turn, would likewife become unintelligible.

What is alledged for the new Orthography, is, its being more commodious, natural, eafy, fhorr, {5c

Some Authors take a middle Courfe between the two Extremes 5 retrenching the Letters where they are abfo- lutely ufelefs, as the s in an infinity of Words; and yet ftudioufly retaining all the Letters whereon the Etymology has any dependance.

In the Englijh, the Orthography is more vague, and un- afcertain'd, than in any other Language we know of. E- very Author, nay almoll every Printer, has his particular Syftem. Nay, 'tis fcarce fo well with us as that : We not only differ from one another ; but there is fcarce any that confifts with himfelf. The fame Word mall frequent- ly appear with two or three different Faces in the fame Work. See English.

The Antients who have wrote Treatifes of Orthography, are Velius Longus, Marias Viftorinus, Flaunts Caper, Oajjiodoras and Beda. Among the Moderns, Tore//;, Lipfu, Dauf- auius, Scioppia, Valla, and Manutius the younger, have wrote on the fame Subject.

Orthography makes one of the great Divisions, or Bran- ches of Grammar. See Grammar.

Orthography, in Geometty, rhe Art of Drawing, or delineating the fure-right Plan of any Object, and of ex- prcfflng the Heights or Elevations of each Part.

It is call'd Orthography from its determining things by perpendicular Lines falling on the Geometrical Plane.

Orthography, in Architecture, is the Elevation of a Building. See Elevation.

The Orthography is either External, or Internal.

External Orthography is a Delineation of the externa! Face or Front of a Building ; exhibiting the principal Wall, with its Apertures, Rouf, Ornaments, and every thing vi- sible to an Eye placed before the Building.

Internal Orthography, call'd alfo a Se&ion, is a Delineation or Draught of a Building, fuch as it would appear, were the external Wall removed. See Section.

To lay down the Ortiiograhpy of a Buildin*.

Draw a right Line for a Balis or ground Line, (Tab. Perspective, Fig. 13.) A B, and at one end erect a Per- pendicular A D. Upon A B fet off the widths and diftan- ces of the Gates, Windows, £?c. On the right Line A D, fet off the Heights of the feveral Parts vifibie in the face of the Building, v. gr. of the Doors, Windows, the Roof Chimneys, i£c. and apply a Ruler to each Point of Division! The common Interfect ions of the right Lines drawn from three Points parallel to the Lines A B and A D, determine the external Orthography of the Building ; And after the fame manner is the internal Orthography laid down. See Perspective.

Orthography, in Fortification, is the Profile, or Re- prefentation of a fortify'd Place j or a Draught fo con- ducted, as that the length, breadth, height, and thicknels, of the feveral Parts are exprefs'd ; fuch as they would ap- pear, if it were perpendicularly cut from Top to Bottom. See Profile and Fortification.

Orthography, in Ptrfpectrve, a Delineation of the fore-right Plane of any 0:>jecl. See Perspective.

ORTHOGRAPHIC FrojeBion of the Sphere, is a Re- prefentation of the feveral Points of the Surface of the Sphere, as they would appear to the Eye, placed at an infi- niteditiance J fo call'd, becaufe the Perpendiculars from any Point of the Sphere, will all fall in the common Inter- action of the Sphere with the Plane of the Projection. Sec Projection.

ORTHOPNEA, in Medicine, a great difficulty of Re- fpiration, wherein the Patient is obliged to fit, or fland to be able to breathe. See Respiration.

An Orthopnea, is a Species, or Degree of an Afthm<i. See Asthma.

It may be caufed from Pus, thick, or mucilaginous Juices or Polypus's in the Bronchia ; mercurial, and other Fumes, hindering the playing of the Lungs ; Stoppage of Evacuations; Cachexies, ill Digelfions, or whateveraffbrds vifcid Chyle, or occafions the Blood to run flower through the Lungs, either by flraitening the Canals, or thickening the Blood, or hindering the Motion of the Animal Spirits, fo that they cannot elevate the Breaft ; or that caufes the Blood to be more rarefy'd, or more in Quantity, fo that there is not fufficienr room to receive it into the Veffels of the Lungs.

The Word is compounded of of9o,-, right, and mmv, to refpire, breathe.

ORTIVE, Orthus, in Aflronomy. Ortive or Eaflern Amplitude, is an Arch of the Horizon intercepted between the Point where a Star rifes, and the Eaff Point of the Ho- rizon, or the Point where the Horizon and Equator inter- fect. See Amplitude.

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