Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/330

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To diverfify the Sounds of the Pipes, they add a Valve to the Fort-vent, which lets the Wind go in Fits or Shakes.

Hydraulic Organ, a Mufical Machine that plays by means of Water.

Of thefe there are feveral in Italy in the Grotto's of Vineyards. Ctsfebes of Alexandria, who lived in the Reign of Ptolemy Evergcter, is faid to have firfr invented Organs that plaid by comprefling the Air with Water, as is Hill practifed. Archimedes and Vitrwvius have left us Defcrip- tions of the Hydraulic Organ. Felibien, AelaVie des Archit.

In the Cabinet of Q^Cbriftina, is a beautiful and large Medallion of Valentimajz, on the rcverfe whereof is feenone of thefe Hydraulic Organs ; with two Men, 'one on the right, the oiher on the left, feeming to pump the Water which plays it, and to litten to its Sound. It has only eight Pipes, placed on a round Pcdeftal. The Infcription is PLACEA SPETRI.

Organ, orOaGUEs, in War, is a Machine compofed of feveral Harquebufs or Musket-barrels, bound together ; by means whereof feveral Explofions are made at the fame time ; ufed to defend Breaches, and other Places attack'd.

Organ is alfo ufed in the general for any thing framed, and deftined for fome certain Action, Ufe, or Opera- tion. See Function.

Hence, Organ, or OrganicalP^, In Phyfiology, is fuch a Part of the Body as is capable of the performance of fome perfect Aft, or Operation. In which fenfe, all the Parts, even the moft fimple, might be denominated Organical.

Thefe Organs ate divided into Primary, and Secondary. The firfi are thofe compofed of fimilar Parts, and appointed for fome one fingle Function : Such as confift of feveral of thefe, tho' appropriated to one fingle Action, are cfleemed of the fecondary kind.

Thus the Veins, Arteries, Nerves, and Mufcles, are Primary Organs ; and Hands, Fingers, ££e. Secondary Or- gans.

Organ of Settfe, is that part of an animal Body by means whereof it perceives external Objects. See Sense.

Thefe, fome divide into Internal, which is the Brain 5 and External, viz, the Eye, Ear, Nofe, £<fc. See Brain, Eye, Ear, Nose, £•?«.

ORGANIC A L, in the antient Mufic, was that Part performed with Inltruments. SeeMusic.

The Organical comprehended three Kinds of Inflru- ments ; viz* Wind Injhuments, asthe Trumpet, Flute, &c. Stringed Injhuments, as the Lute, Lyre, ^fc. And Pulfatite hijiruments, or thofe play'd on by beating, as Drums, &c. See each in its place, Trumpet, tyc.

Organical Fart, is that Part of an Animal or Plant deilined for the performance of fome particular Function. See Organ and Part.

Organical Di/efl/e, a Difeafe in an organical Part of the Body, whereby its Function is impeded, fufpended, or deftroy'd. See Body, Disease, &c.

Organical Defcription of Curves, is the Method of defcribing them on a Plane, by the regular Motion of a Point. See Curve.

ORGASM, Orgafmus, in Medicine, an Impetus, or too quick Motion of the Blood, or Spirits ; whereby the Mufcles are convulfed or moved with uncommon Force. See Spirit, Convulsion, £?c.

The Word is Greek, o^yatruoi, denoting violence, force, onfet.

ORGIA, in Antiquity, Feails, and Sacrifices in honour of bacchtts, inttituted by Orpheus, and chiefly celebrated on the Mountains by wild, diffracted Women, call'd Bae- chajttes. See Bacchanalia.

Eufebius derives the Word a-tjo 7hV o^yns, fury, madnefs. Others from o§o{, Mountain ; becaule Orpheus removed from Thrace to Mount Gtheron. Others from opya.t t a Place confecrated to fome Divinity. Others from &$ya.v, to remove, repulfe ; in regard the Prophane were to be driven away.

Servius fays, that at firft Orgia was a common Name for all kinds of Sacrifices among the Greeks ; of the fame im- port with the word Ceremonies among the Romans.

The Orgia were alfo call'd Orphica, from their Infti- tutor. *

ORGUES, or Orcan, in War, fee Organ.

ORGYIA, an antient Greek Meafure, fee Measure.

ORIENT, Oriens, in Geography and Aftronomy, the E«/r, or Eail-point of the Horizon. See East.

It is thus call'd from the Latin Orire, to arife 5 becaufe it is in this Point the Sun rifes. See Risino.

Orient Equinoctial, is particularly ufed for that Point of the Horizon wherein the Sun rifes when it enters the Signs Aries and Libra, See Spring and Autumn.

Northward of this is denominated Orient JEflival j and Southward, Orient Hybernal,

ORIENTAL, fomething fituated toward the Eafl with regard to us ; in oppofition to Occidental.

In this fenfe we fay, Oriental Pearls, a. I fuch as are found in the Eaji-htdies. See Pearl.

OkiEHTAt Languages, meaning the Hebrew, Syria* Chaldee, andCophtic. See Language.

Oriental Bezoard, fee Bezoa^d!

In Aftronomy, a Planet is faid to he. Oriental, when it riles in the Morning before the Sun. See Rising.

Hence Orienting, the turning, a thing towards the Eaft or difpofing it fo as it may look towards the Eaft.

In molt Religions, particular C:ire has been taken to have their Temples oriented. j St. Gregory Thaumaturge is faid to have made a Mountain give way, becaufe if pre- vented the orienting of a Church he was building.

ORIFICE, the Mouth or Aperture of a Tube, ot Pipe or other Cavity. See Tube. *

In Anatomy, Orifice is particularly ufed for the Mouths of the feveral Ducts, VelTels, and other Cavities ; as of the Bladder, Uterus, Stomach, £<?:>,

The upper Onjice of the Stomach is the part where Hun- ger is felt j the lower Orifice is call'd the Pylorus. See Hunger and Pylorus.

There are fome Operations in Chyrniftry, where the Orifices of the Veffel mutt be feal'd hermetically. See

HEMETIC ALLY.

The vrordOfifice is alfo ufed by Extenfion for the Aper- ture ot a Wound, or Ulcer. See Wound and Ulcer.

ORIGENlANS, a Sett of antient Heretics, who even furpafsM the Abominationsof the Gwfiics.

St. Epifhanius fpeaks of 'em as ilill fubfifting in his time ; but in very fmall Number, He feems to fix their Rife about the time of the great Origen ; but does not fay they took their Name from him. He diftinguifhes 'em from the Or ige7iijis, whom he derives from Origen Adamantus - adding, indeed, that they firlt took their Name from one Ongen ; by which he intimates, that it was not the Great. And St. Augujiine fays exprefly it was another.

_Asto their Doctrine, all that'Modefty will allow to ba faid, is, that they rejected Marriage; that they ufed feve- ral Apocrypha! Books, as the Acts of St, Andrew, &c. and that to excufe their open Crimes, they accufed the Catho- lics of doing the fame in private.

ORIGENISTS, Followers of the Errors of Origen, St. Efiphanius infiils very largely on the Errors of this Father 5 but as he declares himfelf too warmly againlt him, there may be fomewhat of Exaggeration in what he fays. Nor do St. Jerom, or Theophilus of Alexandria, feem to have kept their Zeal within the proper bounds in fpeaking of Origen. For which Reafon, no doubt, it was that St. Chry- fojiom himfelf was accufed of being an Origen-ji, becaufe not fo vehemently bent againft him. Origenifm fpread itfelf chiefly among the Monks of Egypt,

ORIGINAL, a firlt Draught, Defign, or Autograph of any thing ; ferving as a Model, or Exemplar, to"be imi- tated, or copied. See Design, Morel, *$c.

Scarce any of the antienr Titles, Tenures, &c. are now found in the Originals. They are only Vidimus's, or Copies collated with the Originals.

Original Sin, is that Crime we become guilty of at our Birth; by the Imputation of Adam's Difobedience* See Sin.

Father Uallebranch accounts for Original Sin from Natural Caufes, thus ; Men at this day retain, in the Brain, all the Traces and Impreflions of their firlt Parents. For as Ani- mals produce their like, and with like Traces in the Brain 5 whence it is that Animals of the fame kind have the fame Sympathies and Antipathies, and do the fame things on the fame Ojcafions : So our firlt Parents, after °their Tranfgreffion, received fuch deep Traces in their Brain, by the lmpreflion of fenfible Objects, that 'twas very poffible they might communicate 'em to their Children.

Now, as 'tis neceffary, according to the Order eilablim- ed by Nature, that the Thoughts of the Soul be con- formable to the Traces in the Brain ; it may be faid that as foon as we are form'd in the Womb, we are infected with the Corruption of our Parents : For having Traces in the Brain like thofe of the Perfons who gave us being 7 'tis neceffary we have the fame Thoughts, and the fame- Inclinations with regard to fenfible Objects.

Thus, of courfe," we muft be born with Concupifcence, and Original Sin. With Concupifcence, if that be nothing but the natural Effort the Traces of the Brain make on the Mind to attach it to fenfible things ; and with Original Sm^ if that be nothing but the Prevalcncy of Concupifcence 5 nothing in effect, but thefe Effects confider'd as Victorious and as Matters of the Mind and Heart of the Child.

ORIGINALIA, in the Exchequer, are Records, or Tranfcripts font to the Remembrancer's Office, out of Chancery; and differ from Recorda, which contain the Judgments and Pleadings in Suits tried before the Barons.

OR ILL ON