Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/326

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fen ted the Capitals, whofe Abacus was a Erick, laid thereon to cover the Urns : But Vitrwhts^ Account appears the more natural. •

At length, the Greeh regulated the Height of their Co- lumns on the foot of the Proportions of the human Body : The Doric reprefented a Man of a ftrong, robuft Make 5 the Ionic that of a Woman 5 and the Corinthian that of a Girl : Their Bafes and Capitals were their Head-Drefs, their Shoes, g?e. See Base, g/e.

Thefe Orders took their Names from the People, among whom they were invented ; Scamozzi ufes fignificative Terms to exprefs their Character 3 when he calls theT»/"- can, the Gigantic 5 the Doric, tfae Herculean $ the Ionic, the Matronal, the Compofite, the Heroic j and the Corinthian, the Virginal. See each Order wider its proper Article, Tus- can, ££e.

To give a general Idea of the Orders ; it mufl be obferv'd, that the whole is compos'd of two parts at the leafr, -viz. the Column, and Entablature ; and of four parts at the moft 5 when there is a Federal under the Co- lumn, and one Acroter, or little Pedeftal, a-top of the En- tablature : That the Column has three parts, viz. the Bafe, the Shaft, and the Capital; the Entablature has three likewife, viz- the Architrave, the Fnfe, and Cornich : Which Parts are all different in the feveral Orders. See each Fan under its proper Article.

Tufcan Order is the firft, moft fimple, and folid j its Co- lumn is feven Diameters high; and its Capital, Bafe, and Entablature, have but few Mouldings for Ornaments. See Tuscan.

Done Order, is the fecond, and the mod agreeable to Nature. It has no Ornament on its Bafe, or on its Capi- tal. Its height is eight Diameters. Its Frife is diftinguifh'd by Triglyphs and Metopes. Sec Doric.

Jomc Order, is the third; and a kind of mean Propor- tiunal between the folid and delicate Manner. Its Capital is adorn 'd with Volutes, and its Cornich with Denticles. See Ionic.

Mich. Angela, contrary to all other Authors, gives the Ionic a Angle Row of Leaves at the bottom of the Capital.

Corinthian Order, invented by CalUmachus, is the fourth, the richeft, and molt delicate. Its Capital is adorn'd with two Rows of Leaves, and eight Volutes, which fuftain the Abacus. Its Column is ten Diameters high, and its Cor- nich has Modillions. See Corinthian.

Compofue Order, the fifth and la.fr, (tho* Scamozzi and le Clerc make it the fourth) is fo call'd, becaufe its Capital is compos'd out of thofe of the othey Orders, having the two Rows of Leaves of the Corinthian, and the Volutes of the Ionic. It is alfo call'd the Roman, becaufe invented a~ mong that People. Its Column is ten Diameters high 3 and its Cornich has Denticles, or fimple Modillions. See Composite.

Rujlic Order, is that adorn'd with Ruftic Quoins, Bof- fages, i£c. See Rustic.

^h/cOrber, is a little Order of low Pilafters, with an architrav'd Cornich for its Entablature; as that of the CatUe of VerfaiV.es over the Ionic on the fide of the Gar- den. See Attic.

M.Blondcl calls the little Pilaflers of Attics and Mezza- nines, falfe Orders.

Ferjian Order,- is that which has Figures of Terjian Slaves, inftead of Columns, to fupport the Entablature. See Persian.

Caryatic Order, is that whofe Entablature is fupported with Figures of Women, inftead of Columns. See Cary- atides.

Gothic Order, that which deviates from the Ornaments and Proportions of the Antique; and whofe Columns are either too maffive, in manner of Pillars ; or too flender, like Poles: its Capitals out of all meafure ; and carv'd with Leaves of wild Acanthus, Thiftles, Cabbage, or the like. See Gothic.

French Order, is a new contnv'd Order, wherein the Capital confifts of Attributes agreeing to that People ; as Cocks-Heads, Flowcrs-de-Lys, £S?c.

Its Proportions are Corinthian: Such is that of Wi.leBrun, in the Grand Gallery of Verfailks 5 and that of M. le Clerc.

M. le Clerc gives a fecond Tufcan Order, and a Spanljb Or- der, befides his French Order. The Tufcan he ranks be- tween the firft Tufcan and Doric. Its height he makes 23 Semi diameters, 22 Minutes. The Column to have 15, the Pedeftal 5, and the Entablature 3, and 22 Minutes : And he propofes its Frife to be adorn'd with Turtles, which are the Arms of Tufcany.

The Spwifi Order he places between the Corinthian and Compete. The whole Order he makes 30 Semi-diame- ters, 2S Minutes; whereof the Column has 19, and 25 Min. the Pedeftal 16, and iS Min. and the Entablature 4, and 15 Min. The Horns of the Abacus he furtains with little Volutes; the middle, in lieu of a Rofe, has a Lion's

n^ t: „ t !; at Q Anima l beIn § the Symbol of Spain, and ex- prefting the Strength, Gravity, and Prudence of that Na- tion.

Order is alfo ufed for a Cl a f s or DiitinSion of .he

W.efpre efdeneef^ ° f a Snte ' "^ "'"*

In th, s fcnfe Order ; s a t ; nd f Di ; r honourable Quah.ywh.ch, under the fame Name, is common to fe- veral Ferfons; and which of hfclf, does not give them any particular publ.c Au.hor.ty, but only Rank, and a Capa- city of arriving at Honours and Employments

To abridge this Definition ; Order is a D.gnity, with an Aptitude : for a publ.c Employ; by which it I diftmgaifty from an Office, which has the Exercife and Function of a public Jrutt. See Office.

In this fenfe Nobility is an Order, (Sc. Clericature' an Order, Sic. See Nobility, £gc.

Order is alfo the Title of certain antient Boots; con- taining the Divine OiKce, with the Order and Manner of its Performance.

Roma,, Order, that wherein are laid down the Ceremonies which obtain in the Roman Church.

■ ° RD, ER > in Aflronomy. A Planet is faid to go accord- ing .0 the Order of the Signs, when it is direct ; proceeding from Aries to Taimu, thence to Gemini, &c It' goes con trary to the Order or SuccefT.on of the Signs, when retro- grade, ,.e. when it goes back from Pifces to Aomrms. See Direction, Retrocradation, g?e.

Order, in War, an Arrangement of the Parts of an Army, either by Land or Sea ; or a Difpofition of the Bat- talions, and Squadrons, of Men, or VetTels, for marching or engaging. s

An Order of Battel, confifts of one, two, or three Lines

An Order of March, is difpos'd in two or three Columns, according to the Ground. The Order* and Evolutions make the Science of Ta3ics. See Tactics.

Order is particularly ufed for the equal Diftance of one Rank or rile from another. The ufual Order in Files is three Foot ; in Ranks fix Foot. The open Order is twice as much.

Orders, by way of Eminency, or Holy Orders ; a Charafler peculiar to Ecclefiaftics, whereby they are fet a-part for the Miniftty. S;e Ordination.

This the Romanifti make their fixth Sacrament. See Sa-

CRAMENT.

In the Reformed Churches, there are but three Orders - «* Bifhops, Priefis, and Deacons : In the Romifi Church there are leven, exclufive of the Epifcopate : All which the Council of Treat enjoins to be received and believ'd on pain ot Anathema.

They are diftinguifh'd into Petty, or Secular Orders ; and Major, or Sacred Orders. ' a

The Petty, or Minor Orders, are four ; tfe. thofe of Porter ot Exorcitt, of Reader, and of Acolythes. Thofe in Petty Orders may marry without any Difpenfation. In effect, thefe Petty Orders are only look'don as Formalities and as Degrees neceffary to arrive at the higher Orders l yet the Council of Trent is very ferious about them ; en- joins thatnone be admitted into them, withoitundir landing Latin ; and recommends it to the Bifhops to obfe ve the Intervals of conferring them, that the Perfons may have a fuflicient tune to exercife the Functions of each Ord<r ■ Xet it leaves the Bifhops a Power of dil h enfing with thofe Rules 5 fo that the four Orders are ufually conferred the lame day, and only make the firft part of the Ceremony ot Ordination. '

The Greeks, as well as the Reformed, difavow thefe Pen* Orders, and pals immediately to the Sub-diaconate.

Their firft Rife, fYeiirji dates in the time of the Emperor Jitjttntan. There is no Call nor Benefice requir'd fur the four Petty Orders ; and a Eaflard may even enjoy them without any Difpenfation ; nor does Bigamy difqualify.

The Sacred, or Major Orders, we have already bferv'd arc three; viz. thofe of Deacon, Prieft, and Bijfhop. See Deacon, Priest, and Bishop.

The Council of Trent, retrieving the antient Difcipline, forbids any Perfon being admitted to the Major Orders, un- lefs he be in peaceable poffefllon of a Benefice fuflicient tor a decent Subfiftence ; allowing no Ordinations on Patri- monies or Penfions ; except where the Bifhop judges it for the Setvice of the Church.

A Perfon is faid to be promoted to O'dsrsfer [ahum, when he has not before pafs'd the infer™ Orders. The Council of Conjiantinoph forbids anv Bifhop being ordain'd without paffing all the Degrees ; yet Church-Hiftory furnifhes us with Inftances of Bifhops cooperated, without having par- fed the CWei-of Prietlhood : and Pamrmtts itill thinks fuch an Ordination valid.

Military Orders, are certain Companies of Knights, in- ftituted by Kings and Princes ; either in defence of the Faith or on other Occafions, as to confer Marks of Honour'

and