Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/310

 O IL

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OLE

diflblvable in Sandarach ; whence the genuine Oil is eafily diflinguilhed from the counterfeit, which is Oil of Turpen- tine mixM with a little Petro/. It is ufed by Painters and Farriers ; and is of fome ufe in Medicine, where it makes a part in feveral Galenical Compofitions.

Oil"/ Balm, fee Balm.

Oil of Ben, fee Ben.

Oil of Cacao, fee Cacao.

Oil of Camphor, fee Camphor.

Oil of Cinnamon, fee Cinnamon.

Oil of Cafior, feeCASTOREUM.

Oil of Wax, fee Wax.

Oil of Cumin, fee Cumin.

Oil of Fennel, fee Fennel.

Oil of Nutmeg, fee Nutmeg.

Oil of Guaiacum, fee Guaiacum.

Oil of Cloves, fee Cloves.

Oil of Lavender, fee Lavender.

Oil of Lentifc, fee Lentiscus.

Oil of Lime, fee Lime.

Oil of liquid Amber, fee Balm.

Oil of Mace, fceNuTMEG.

Oil of MKepertuis, fee Millpertuis.

Oil of Mutbiolu*, fee Scorpion.

Oil ofNeroli, fee Orange.

Oil of Nuts, fceNuT.

Oil of Orange, fee Orange.

Oil of blackPiicb, fee Pitch.

Oil ofRofemary, fee Rosemary.

Oil of Sardine, fee Sardine.

Oil of Sage, fee Sage.

Oil of Cotton, fee Cotton.

Oil of Sulphur, fee Sulphur.

Oil of Turpentine, fee Turpentine.

Oil of Thyme, fee Thyme.

Oil of Tonofc, fee Tortoise.

Virgin Oil, is underftood of Oils exprefs'd from Olives, Nuts, iyc. frefli gather'd, without being heated, too much prefs'd, &c. See Oil of Olives. , . . ,

GramdatedOi-L is that fix'd in little Grains ; this is the beft, and moft efteem'd, efpecially of Oils of Olives.

Oil frequently takes new Names from the Drugs mix'd with it ; as Oil of Rofes, which is that mix'd with Rofes ; Oilofjafmin, that perfum'd with Jafmin.

Plata obferves, that Oil is deftruflive to all Plants ; and he adds too, to the Life of all Animals, except thofe of Man, to which it is agreeable, as alfo to the reft of his Body. He adds further, that 'tis very ufeful to the exter- nal parts of the Body, but hurtful to the internal. Ferne- litts obferves that Oil foftens, moiflens, and lubricates the Eody.and takes off the fenfe of Wearinefs ; for which reafon the Creeks call it Acofum ; and renders the Body prompt and agile. Diofcorides fays it cures Leprofies, cSc.

Oil, among the Chymifts, is the fecondof the Elements, or Hypoffatic'al Principles ; otherwife call'd Sulphur. See Element, Principle, and Sulphur.

All natural Bodies yield Oil, cither by Diftillation ; Pu- trifaSion ; or Liquation call'd per Deliquium : And hence the Chymifts will have it a neceffary Ingredient in the Com- pofition of all Bodies. They make it the Principle of Odours ; and to the Diverfities thereof, afcribe all the differences of Bodies in refpeci of Smells. See Smell.

All Plants yield a fetid Oil at the end of Diftillation ; but Aromatic ones befide this yield another Oil, which lifes after the Phlegm, and at the beginning of the Diftil- lation : This they call an Effential Oil, becaufe it retains the natural fmell of the Plant ; whereas the fecond Oil, even that of Aromatic Plants, {links intolerably. See Es-

SENTI AL.

M. Homier?, from an Obfervation that Plants which yield the moft Acid, yield likewife the. moft Oil 5 took occafion to think that the Acid might affift the Oil to dif- engage itfelf from the Body, and to rife in Diftillation ; which he found to anfwer in the Experiment. Mineral Acids prov'd to have more force on the Oils of Plants, and put 'em in a condition of rifing in Diftillation, and in greater Quantity by the Aflion of Fire, than Vegetable ones. Accordingly, whereas the Perfumers find a deal of diffi- culty in railing effential Oil of Rofes ; and fcarce get an Ounce out of an hundred Pounds of the Flower : M. Horn- lertr, on his Principle, got at leaft one third more ; viz. by laying the Rofes fifteen days in Water impregnated with Spirit of Vitriol, before Diftillation.

The Chymifts Doflrine of Principles, Mr. Boyle (hews to be very deficient in the Article Oils : For the Cbaracfe- riftic of a Sulphur, or that which denominates a thing fuch, is Inflammability : Now, there are at leaft three Sub- flanccs manifeftly different in Confidence, Texture, or both ; which, according to that Notion, ought to be re- ferr'd to Sulphurs : For fometimes the inflammable Subftance obtain'd from a mix'd Body by means of Fire, appears in form of an Oil that will not mix with Water ;

fometimes in form of an inflammable Spirit, which will readily unite with that Liquor ; and fometimes alfo in form of a confiftent Body almolf like common Sulphur. Producib. of Cbym. Prin.

Dr. Slare itxPhilof.Tranfall. gives us a Scheme, orAnaly- fis of Oils. He diftinguifhes Oils into Vegetable, Animal, and Mineral.

The Vegetable he divides into Effential, and not Effential.

The Effential again, are eiiher perfecf Stillations made by the Analyfis of the Chymift's Fire; where the oleaginous Particles are truly feparated from all other ; as thofe from the Seeds of Cummin, Fennel, and Dill : or light and etherial, ufually drawn from the Tops of Plants, and fpe- cifically lighter than Water, fome of 'em than Spirit of Wine; as thofe from Thyme, Wormwood, Hyfop, Laven- der, Rofemary, Penny-royal, Rue, Sage, Savin, l£c. Or ponderous, which commonly finkin Water.

Thofe not Effential, are imperfect, or made by Ex- preflion ; which are decompounded of feveral parts of the Plants ; as of Almonds, Olives, Wallnuts, Lime Rape, l£c.

The Animal Oils are either thofe of the folid Parts, as Harts-horn, Human-Skull, Hoofs, igc. Or thofe of the Fluids, as of Human-Blood.

Laftly, the Mineral Oils are thofe of Amber, Petro- leum, Barbadoes Tar, and Bees- Wax.

Of thefe Oils, there are twelve that by a Mixture of compound Spirit of Nitre, make an Ebullition, Explo- fion, and Flame. Eighteen that make an Ebullition and Explofion without Flame : And four that produce neither. See Ebullition, Flame, &c.

Oil-Bag, a Veffel in Birds, replete with an uncfuous Subftance, fecreted by one, fometimes two, Glands for the purpofe, difpofed among the Feathers ; which being prefs'd by the Bill or Head, emits its oily Matter, for the Dreffing and Preeningthe Feathers. See Feather and Preening.

OINTMENT, in Pharmacy and Surgery, gfc. See Unguent.

OKER, or Ocher, in Natural Hiftory, a yellow, dry, fat, foft, foflll Earth ; found in Copper and Lead Mines, fometimes in thofe of Silver, and lbmetimes in Mines of its own. SeeEARTii.

Others feem more rightly to refer Oker to the Clafs of Semi-metals, than of Earths. It confifls, according to them, of Earth and a Metal, particularly Iron, com- bined. See Semi-metal.

Mr. Boyle affures us he has feen a Piece of Oker richer in Metal than moft Iron-Ores ; and which was even ren- der'd magnetical by heating and then cooling it in a per- pendicular pofition. See Magnet and Magn etism.

Some Authors efteem Oker proper to promote the melting of Metals, when they are too harfh and brittle; but its chief Ufe is in Painting.

'Tis only the yellow Oker is natural ; the red is prepared from the yellow by calcining it in the Fire till it have ac- quir'd its rednefs.

The Beds are ufually from one hundred fifty to two hundred foot deep ; and their thicknefs from four to eight Inches, between a white Sand which covers them a-top, and a yellow argillous Earth underneaih.

The bell Oker is that of Berry in Trance. There are fe- veral Kinds dug up in England, all bordering on the red ; fome of them ufed in polifhing Looking-Glafles.

The Word comes from the Greek &X&t yellow Earth.

Oker, in effeel, is always impregnated with Iron, and is what generally gives to the Chalybeat Springs their medi- cinal Virtues ; many of which we fee, upon Handing of the Water, will depofite the Oker at the bottom of the Veffel.

OLD Age, fee LoNGiEviTY.

OLEAGINOUS, fomething that partakes of the na- ture of Oil ; or out of which Oil maybe exprefs'd. See Oil.

Thus Olives, Nuts, Almonds, l$e. are oleaginous Fruits, or Fruits out of which Oil is exprefs'd. See Fruit. Pines, Firs, ti?c. are oleaginous Woods, yielding Rofin, Turpentine, i$c. See Rosin, £i?c.

Of all Woods, oleaginous ones burn the beft. See Fuel.

An oleaginous Urine in malignant Fevers is a flgn of Death. See Urine.

OLECRANUM, in Anatomy, an Eminence behind the Bend of the Elbow ; being the Part whereon the Arm bears when we reft on the Elbow. See Arm.

This Eminence is nothing elfe but the pofterior Apop hy- fis of the Head of the Ulna, which flays that Bone, and prevents its flipping back ; fo as to form an acute Angle when the Arm is bent. See Ulna.

The Olecranum is received into the hind Sinus of the lower end of the Humerus ; and with the fote Protube- rance of the Ulna, which is received into the fore Sinus of the Humerus, forms a perfect Ginglymus, whereby the two Bones move as on a Hinge,

OLE-