Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/290

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AfrtfobjeBive Notion, is the thing itfelf known, ac cording to what it is, or has in itfelf; as the Fire known as Fire, gfc.

Secondformal Notion, is the Knowledge of a thing ac- cording to what it receives from the Understanding $ as, efFire, that it is the Subject $ and not the Predicate.

Second objeBive Notion, is what agrees to the thing by means of the Operation of the Intellect, orwhat it receives from the Intellect.

Common Notions, call'd alfo Pronations, Tfahrt^h and aosmt mouti, are certain Principles luppofed to be innate, and which therefore are felf-evidenr, i.e. appear, or are known by their own Light, without the Intervention of any Medium, or Proof; being imprefs'd, as it were, by the Finger of God 5 to ferve as the Foundations of all our Con- clusions in the Sciences, which are to be demonitrated hereby- See Innate Idea.

Thefe common Notions, confider'd as the Foundations of Sciences, are call'd Axioms. See Axiom.

They are call'd common, not as if fo actually and ne- ceffarily perceived by every Perfon, that no body could be ignorant of, or deny them ; but becaafe they are judged to be true, and certain by all Perfons of fuund Reafon. For the fame Reafon as we fay, Such a Food is whole] otne ; not that it is fo to all Men, but to all that are of a found Body, and Conftitution. Anjht, "Topic, c. 4.

There are two kinds of common Notions, viz. Theoretical, which lay the Ground-works for Speculation ; fuch are, Every thing either is, or is not ; nothing can be made by itfelf ; the whole is greater than a part 5 equal things be- ing added to equal, the Sums are equal : And TraBical, which lay the Foundation for Honetty, and good Morals ; fuch are, God is to be loved and worshipped j our Pa- rents to be honoured 5 to give every body their due 5 to do

as we would be done by.

Some Philofophers, however, and thofe of bell Nore, deny the Reality of any Innate, or Common Notions 5 urging, that the Mind does not need any actual Notions to prepare it to think, but that an innate Faculty of Thinking may fuffice ; as appears in an Infant, from its perception of Pain, Tafte, Colour, %$c. They add, that the common Organs of Senfe, if they have but Objects prefented to them, and the Faculty we have of reflecting on, and vart- oufly combining or ordering the Ideas received thereby, are fufficient to furnifh us with all the Stock of Knowledge we have. See Knowledge*

NOTITIA, Notice, a Term ufed for fomerhing that has come under the Knowledge of a Perfon. Hence No- tification y the Action of giving Notice, &c.

Notitia is alfo ufed as the Title of certain Books com- pofed for giving a particular Knowledge of the Places, Roads, £Sc. of a Province or Kingdom, Diocefe, ££c. as ap- pears by the Notitia Imperii, S£/C.

M.Valois has given a Notitia Galliarum, which is a Col- lection of the feveral Names the Cities and Provinces of that Kingdom have bore at different times.

The Notitia Vignitatttm Imperii, both Eaftern and Wef- tern, are of the utmoft ufe both in the Roman and in Ec- elenaftical Hiflory 5 yet are they of little Service, at leaft to young People, without good Notes ; fuch are thofe of Tancirollus, &c. And unlefs the Text, which is llrangely corrupted and mutilated, be fupplied.

NOTORIOUS, fomething known, manifeft, and public k.

Hence ArsNotoria, a Chimerical Science or Art, whereby it is pretended a Perfon may arrive at the Knowledge of all Things, all Sciences, &c. And that by Infufion, with- out any Labour, or Trouble, belide that ot making a few Ceremonies.

NOTRE Dame, Our Lady, a Term frequently ufed for the Holy Virgin.

Hence Feafts of Notre Dame; the Office of Notre Dame ; Congregations, Nunneries, Orders of Notre Dame. See Virgin.

NOVALE, inourantient Cuftoms, Land newly plowed, and converted into Tillage ■, and which had not been tilPd within the Memory of Man, before.

— Quod Novale/e»«t7 fuit, femper erit Novale quoad deci- marum retentiomm vel foltttionem. What was once No-vale, will ever remain fo, as to the paying, or non-paying of Tythes. Thus, Excepta dec'tma Novalium cujufdam Terra qttam de novo excoluemnt. Pat. 6 Edw. 3. See Frutec- tum.

Novale is fometimes alfo ufed for fallow Land, i. e. Land which has been plowed for two Years, and refts, or lies fallow one more ; or that lies fallow every other Year. See Fallow-

NOVATIANS, a Seel of ancient Heretics, fo called from Novatus, an African Biftiop ; and Novatian a Priefi of Rome.

Novatian firft feparated himfelf from the Communion of Pope Cor»e/j»*,on pretence of his being too eafyin admitting

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to Repentance thofe who had fallen off in times of Per- secution. l

Novatus coming to Rome, join'd himfelf to the Faction of Novatian : and both maintained, That there was no other admiffion into the Church bur by the Repentance in Bau- nim 5 grounding that Opinion on that ofSt»IW* 'lis tmfoffible for tbojepvee enlightened, and who have tatted tba heavenly Gift, if they fall away, to retrieve themfelves U Ri« pentance, J J

Not that they denied but a Perfon fallen into any Sin how grievous loever, might obtain Pardon by Repentance \ for they themfclves recommended Repentance in the itrongett Terms. But their Doctrine was, That the Church had it not in its power to receive Sinners into its Commu- nion ; as having no way of remitting Sins but by Baptifm which, once received, could not be repeated *

InprocefsufTime, thzNovatians fofrened and moderated the Rjgour of their Mailer Doclrine j and only refufed Abiolution to very great Sinners.

_ The two Leaders were profcribed, and declared Here- tics, not for excluding Penitents from Communion ; but for denying that the Church had a Power of remitting Sins

ThcNovatians were alfo call'd Catbarets, from tuAtirtt $>ure, q. d. Furitaw. *

NOVATION, or Innovation, in the Civil Law, a change or alteration ot an Obligation, whereby it becomes extincui- fhed, or annihilated*

Thus when an Obligation is difcharged without re- ceiving any Money ; but a fimple Promife is accepted in its ilead ; this occafions a Novation,

There are two kinds of Novations j the one voluntary the other neceflary and conftrained.

Necejjary Novation is that made in confequence of a Sentence, or Decree of Juttice.

Voluntary Novation is made three ways, viz. by chan- ging the Caufe ot the Obligation without rhe intervention of any other Perfon ■■> by changing the nature of the Obli- gation i and by Delegation, as when the Debtor makes over a Debt to the Creditor for his Satisfaction.

In ail thefe Cafes there is a will to Innovate: Accor- dingly Juji'mian fays, Voluntate non Lege nomndum.

NOVEL, New ■■, fee Romance.

Novel, in Jurifprudence, a Term ufed for the Confll- tutions of feveral Emperors, viz. ^ujiin, Tiberius, Leo and particularly Jujiimm. See Constitution and Law.

Moft of $uftinia?i's Novels were originally Greek 5 and afterwards, tranflated into Latin. Their Number 165 comprized in nine Collections, or Chapters. See Civil Law.

They had their name Novel, either from their making a great Alteration in the Face of the antient Law ; or, as Cups rather thinks, becaufe made on new Cafes, not yet confider'd, and after the reviful of the Code, compiled by order of the Emperor.

Wherever Acmrfius fpcaks of Novels, he means thofe published in Greek by Juftinian 5 the Latin Verfion of them made in the time ol Bul^arus, he calls Authentics, by rea- fon of its Exaetnefs and Fidelity. See Authentics.

Novel Alignment, in an Action of Trefpafs, is an Align- ment of Time, Place, or fuch like, in a Declaration, more particularly than it was in the Writ.

Novel D{IJeifin, fee Assize of Novel Diffeifin.

NOVEMBER, the eleventh Month in the Tear 5 but the ninth in the Year of Romulus 5 whence its Name. See Month.

NOVENDIAL, otNovewdfal, in Antiquity, a Sacrifice among the Romans, held on occafion of any Prodigy's ap- pearing to menace them with ill Fortune. See Sacri- fice.

It had its Name from the Term of its Celebration, viz, Novem dies, N ine Days.

NOVEMSILES, in Mythology, a Species of Gods wor- fliipped among the antient Romans.

The Dii Novemfiles, were the Gods of thcShimej ; adop- ted by Romulus, and a Temple built to them in confequence of a Vow by King Tatius.

Some Antiquaries take the Name to have been given to thofe which were lafl placed among the Number of the Gods 5 as Hercules, Vejxa, SanBity, Fortune, {$c.

NOVEMVIR, a Magiftrate of Athens, in the Number of the Nine.

The Novemvirs were the chief Magiftratcs of the City : Their Office only held for one Year. Their Chief was call'd Archon, whofe Name was recorded in the Athenian Feafts j as, at Rome, that of the Confuls. See Archon.

The fecond bore the Title of King, the third that of Tolemarcha, i. e. Chief of the Troops, and the remaining fix, Thefmotetes.

NOVICE, a Perfon not yet skill'd or experienced in an Art or Profeffion.

In