Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/273

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Caufe, neceffatily operating. . Such is the Necejjity of the Sun's Rifing to-morrow Morning.

Concomitant Necessity arifes from an antecedent and ncceffary Caufe, but depends on the Circumffances of the Eftea ; the Effect all the while being free. Thus 'tis ne- ceflary Peter fliouldfit, fuppoiing he is fitting.

NECK, a Part in the human Body, and in that of le- veral other Animals, between the Head and the Trunk of the Body. See Body. ,

All Animals have Necks except thole without Lungs and Voice, as Fifties and Frogs.

The upper Part before is call'd the Throat ; and the lower Part the Fomum Jdami. The Hole between the two Cla- vicles is call'd the Jugulum, by theGieefo cv*y», Murthcr; it being very eafy to kill in this Part. The hind Part of the Neck is call'd Cervix ; and the Hole between the firft and fecond Vertebra, the Nape 5 that underneath, Epomis.

Its lateral Parts commence from the bottom of the Ears, and are call'd Parotide!.

The inner Parts of the Neck are feven Vertebr*, the Ira- cliea. Larynx, "Jugular Veins, Carotid Arteries, the Inter- coital Nerve, that of the eighth Pair, with the Recurrent, and feveral Mufcles. See each Part under its proper Article.

The Necks of Quadrupeds, Mr. Derham obferves, are always equal to the Length of their Legs 5 to enable them to reach the Ground for their Food, without Hooping the Body. See Quadruped and Leo.

Indeed, the Elephant is an Exception from the Rule ; itsNea&is very ftii'tt ; but then it has a peculiar Frovifion by a Probofcis, or Trunk. See Proboscis.

Another thing remarkable in the Necks of Graminivorous Quadrupeds, is a ftrone, tendinous and m(en6.ola Jponatrofis, or Ligament, braced'from the Head to the middle of the Back ; by means whereof they are enabled conllantly to hold down the Head, tho very heavy, to gather their Food without Pain or Labour.

NECROLOGY, a Book, antiently kept in Churches and Monaiteries ; wherein were regifler'd the Benefaflors to the fame, the Time of their Deaths, and the Days of their Commemoration ; as alfo the Deaths of the Priors, Abbots, Religious Canons, $£c.

This was otherwife call'd Calendar, and Ohtory. See Calendar, i£c.

The Word comes from the Creek yiKgit, Mors, Death, and hiy&. .

NECROMANCY, the Art, or Act of communicating with Devils, and doing furprifing Feats by their Afliflance ; particularly calling up the Dead : From «%?©", Death, and lurrtus. Enchantment. See Magic, Sorcery, £?<;.

NECROSIS, in Medicine, a compleat Mortification of any part ; call'd alfo Sideratio and Sphacelus. See Sphacelus .^c.

The Word is Greek, Attum, where it has the fame Sig- nification. ■ »,.,<•,

NECTAR, among the antient Poets, the Drink ot the fabulous Deities of Antiquity.

NEEDLE, a very lamiliar little Inftrument, or Urenfil, made of Steel, pointed at one end, and pierced at the other ; ufed in Sewing, Embroidery, Tapillry- Work, ££?<:.

Needles moke a very confiderable Article in Commerce ; and the Confunq tion thereof is almoft incredible. The Sizes are from N° r, the largeft ; to M 25, the fmalleft.

There is fcatce any Commodity cheaper than Needles ; which will appear fomething extraordinary to the Reader, after he has been ftiewn the infinite Number of Operations they undergo e'er brought to Perfection.

MmufaSure of Needles.

German and Hungary Steel is of moft repute for Needles. The full thing, is to pafs it thro' a Coal-fire, and under a Hammer, to bring it out of its fquare Figure into a Cy- lindrical one. This done, 'tis drawn thro' a large Hole of a Wire-drawing Iron 5 return'd into the Fire, and drawn thru' a fecond Hole of the Iron, fmaller than the firft 5 and thus fucceftively from Hole to Hole, till it have acquir'd the degree of Finenefs requir'dfor that Species of Needles 5 obferving every time it is to be drawn, that it be greas'd over with Lard to render it the mote manageable. See Wire-D™zi>;k£.

The Steel thus reduced into a fine Wire, is cut in Pieces of the length of the Needles intended. Thefe Pieces are flatted at one end on the Anvil, in order to form the Head and Eye. They are then put in the Fire, to foften 'em further, and thence taken out, and piere'd at each extreme of the flat Part, on the Anvil, by force of a Punchion of well temper'd Steel, andlaidon a leaden Block, to bring out, with another Punchion, the little Pieces of Steel re- maining in the Heads.

The Corners are then filed off the Squares of the Heads, and a little Cavity filed on each fide the flat of the Head. This done, the Point is form'd with a File j and the whole filed over. They are then laid to heat red-hot, on a long, flat, narrow Iron, crooked at one end, in a Charcoal-fire ; and when taken out thence, are thrown into a Bafon of cold Water to harden. On this Operation, a good deal depends ; too much heat burns 'em 5 and too little leaves 'em foft 5 the Medium is only to be learnt by Experience.

When harden'd, they are laid in an Iron-Peel, on a Fire more or lefs brisk, in proportion to the Thicknefs of the Needles, taking care to move 'em from time to time > this ferves to temper 'em, and take off their Brittlenefs j Care, here, too, mull be taken of the degree of Hear.

They are then ftreightned one after another with the Hammer ; the Coldnefs of the Water ufed in hardning 'em having twilled the greatell pair of 'em.

The next Procefs is the Poliftling. To do this, they take twelve or fifteen Thoufand Needles, and range 'em in little Heaps againfl each other on a Piece of new Buckram, fprinkled with Emety Dull. The Needles thus difpofed, Emery Dull is thrown over 'em, which is again fprinkled over with Oil of Olives. At lall, the whole is made up into a Roll, well bound at both ends.

This Roll is then laid on a Poliftling Table, and over it a thick Plank loaden with Stones, which two Men work backwards and forwards a day and half, or two days fuc- ceflively. By which means, the Roll thus continually agitated by the "Weight and Motion of the Plank over ir, the Needles within fide being rubb'd againll each other with the Oil and Emery, areinlcnfibly polilhed.

In Germany, inftead of Hands, they polifh with Water- Mills.

After Poliftling, they are taken out, and the Filth wafh'd off 'em with hot Water and Soap : then wiped in hot Bran a little moiflen'd, placed, with the Needles, in a round Box fufpended in the Air by a Cord, which is kept ftirring till the Bran and the Needles be dry. The Needles rhus wiped in two or three differenr Brans, are taken out and put in wooden Veflels to have the good feparated from rhofe whofe Points or Eyes have been broke either in poliftling or wiping ; the Points are then all turn'd the fame way, and fmooth'd with an Emery-done turn'd with a Wheel.

This Operation finifiies 'em ; and there remains nothing but to make 'em into Packets of two hundred and fifty each,

Cbimrgeons Needles, are crooked, and their Points tri- angular. They are of different Sizes, and bear different Names according to the Purpofes they are ufed for.

The larger! are Needles for Jmpttation 5 the next, Needles for Wounds; the fined, Needles for Sutures. They have others very fliort and flat, for Tendons ; others, Hill ftiortcr, and the Eye placed in the middle, for rhe tying together of Veflels, (Sc. See Suture, (gc.

Magnetical Needle, in Navigation, S?c a Needle touch'd with a Load-Hone, and fufpended on a Pivot or Centre, on which, playing at liberty, it ditecls itfelf to certain Points in, or under the Horizon. S^e Magnet.

Magnetical Needles are of two Kinds, viz. Horizontal and Inclmatory.

Horizontal Needles, are thofe equally balanced on each fide the Pivot which futtains 'em ; and which, playing Ho- rizontally, with their two extremes point out the North and South Points of the Horizon. For their Application and Ufe, feeCoMPAss.

ConJtrttBion of an Horizontal Needle. A Piece of pure Steel is provided, of a length not exceeding Hk Inches, left its Weight impede its Volubility ; very thin, to take its Verticity the better ; not perforated with any Holes, t£c. for Ornament fake, which prevent the equable diffufion of the Magnetic Virtue.

A Perforation is made in the middle of its Length, and a brafs Cap or Head folder'd on, whofe imier Cavity is Co- nical, fo as to play freely on a Stile or Pivot, headed with a fine Steel Point.

The North Point of the Needle in our Hemifphere is made a little lighter than the Southern, the Touch always de- ffroying the Balance, if well adjufted before, and rendring the North End heavier than the South, and thusoccafioning theNeedle to dip. See DiPPtNG-NeeaVe.

Now to give the Needle its Verticity, or directive Fa- culty, 'tis to be rubb'd leifurely on each Pole of a Magnet, from the South Pole towards the IS'orth ; firft beginning with the Northern End, and going back at each repeated rub, towards the South. A Rub in a contrary Direction takes away the Power communicated by the former. See Pole and Touching.

If after Touching, the Needle be out of its Equilibrium, fomething muft be filed off from the heavier Side, till it balance evenly.

Needles