Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/264

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'twas done in Imitation of St. Peter and St, Paul, who were firft called Simon and Saul, Indeed Pope Marcellus, of late, refufed to change his Name.

In Italy 7 'tis frequent to join the Name of fome Saint, in a kind of Devotion, to the Chriftian Name ; as Joannes Bap- tijia Spinofa t &c.

Among the Antients, thofe deified by the Heathen Con- fecrations, had new Names given them ; as Romulus was cal- led Quirinus$ Melicertus, Fortunus y &c. See Consecra- tion.

New Names were alfo given in Adoptions, and fometimes "by Teftament ; thus L. JEmilius, adopted by Scipio, took the Name of Scipio Africanus j and thus Attptjius, who was firft called Thureon, took the Name OFtavian by Teftament. See Adoption.

Names were alfo changed at Enfranchifements into new Cities. Thus Lucumo, at his firft being made free of Rome, took the Name t Lucius Tarquinius Prifcus, &c. and Slaves, when made free, ufually affumed their Matters Nam$s. See Freedom, Slave, &c.

Thofe called to the Equeftrian Order, if they had bafe Names, were always new named, Nomine Ingenuorum vete- rumtfo Romanortim. And among the Primitive Chriftians, it was the Practice to change the Names of the Catechu- mens: thus the Renegado Lwianus, till his Baptifm, was called Lucius.

Of the Name, a Phrafe, or Diftion frequent among Historians and Genealogifts, to denote Perfons of the fame Quality, and Name. 'Tis near nine hundred Years fince the Emperors of the Weft firft began to diftinguifh them- felves in this manner by their Number; and in the Italia Sacra of Ughellus, we meet with a Charter of the Emperor Louis le Debonnaire, Anuo$i%. wherein he ftiles himfelf the Firft of the Name. Le Blanc mentions a Charter of the "Year 1084. wherein the Emperor Henry III. ftiles himfelf King of Italy, the Fourth of the Name $ and Emperor, the Third of the Name.

Some French Writers obferve, that in a Manufcript pre- ferved in the King's Library, their Louis XX. is only filled the Ninth of the Name ; Louis the Debonnatre, and Louis the Stammerer, not being then reckon'd in the Number, by rea- fon they were Emperors, as well as Kings of France : On which Footing, the prefent King, inftead of the Fifteenth, Ihould only be the Thirteenth of the Name.

NAMIUM Vetitum, in our Law-Books, an unjuft taking of the Cattle of another, and driving them to an unlaw- ful Place, pretending Damages done by them. In fuch Cafe, the Owner of the Cattle may demand Satisfaction for the Injury, which is call'd Plachitm de Namio Vetito.

NAPE, is ufed for the hind-part of the Neck ; by rea- fon of the fofc fhort Hair growing thereon, like the Nap of a Cloth. See Neck.

NAPHTA, orNAPTHA, a kind of liquid Sulphur or Bitumen, very fofr, and inflammable, exuding out of the Earth in fevcral Places in Chaldea; particularly the Place where Hood the antient Babylon •> and {till found in feveral Provinces of Italy and France, particularly in Awoergne, and near Ragufa. See Sulphur and Bitumen.

That of France is foft and black, like liquid Pitch, and of a fcetid Smell $ that of Italy is a kind of Petrol, or a clear Oil, of various Colours, oozing out of a Rock, fituate on a Mountain in the Dutchy otModena. See Petroe.

Naphta is efteemed penetrating, refolutive, and vulnera- ry 5 but its Vermes are little known in Medicine : its chief Ufe is in Lamps, Z$c. on account of its Inflammability.

The Turh call the Naptha, Carah Safaz, black Maftic, to diftinguifh ir from Pitch. Vojfits has an exprefs Treatife on Naptha, Antient and Modern : He fays, 'tis a Flower of Bitumen, of more force than any other Bitumen.

The Word, in the original Chaldee, fignifies ftillare, to ooze, or drop $ Naptha, according to Pliny, running like a kind of Bitumen.

NAPIERS, or Nepers Bower. See Nepers Bones. NARCOTICS, in Medicine, Opiates, or Medicines, that excite Drowfinefs and Sleep. See On ates.

Narcotics aft, by calming and diminifhing the Motion of the Blood and Spirits.

Authors are of various Opinions, as to the Manner where- in Narcotics operate. The Amients tell us, 'tis by their being cold in nature. Etmtdler, after Willu, takes the Ani- mal Spirits to be compofed of a fluid volatile Salt ; and thinks they are diflolved by the Mixtures of Sulphurs and Oils, wherewith Narcotics abound. M. Andry\ Opinion is, that the Salt of Narcotics, diffolves in any Liquor whatever, and that their ramous Branches becoming thus difengaged from the Salts, are embaraffed among one another, and thus ftop the Courfe of the Blond and Spirits. Laftly, 0- thers think, that Narcotics clofe the Orifices of the Nerves and thus block up the PatTagc of the Spirits. ■

Under, \nh\sTrcCLuCe de Penejtis, thinks, that the Opera- tion of Narcotics is not the fame in all ; Drowfinefs being

being producible from a great Variety of different Caufes. See Sleep.

The Word comes from the Greek rafwrncfc, of mfMm, Drowfinefs.

NARRATION, in Oratory and Hiftory, a Recital, or Rehearfal of a Faft as it happen'd, or as it is fuppoied to have happen'd.

This is of two kinds, either Simple and Hijiorical ; as where the Auditor or Reader is fuppofed to hear or read of a Tranfaftion at fecond hand: or Artificial and Fabulous, as where their Imaginations are raifed, and the Aftion, as it were, re-afted before them.

The Narration, according to the Writers of Rhetoric, makes the fecond part of a juft Speech, or Harangue 5 viz. that immediately following the Exordium. See Oration. It makes the whole of a Hiftory, abating for the occasional Reflections, Epifodes, and Digreflions. See History..

Cicero requires four Virtues in a Narration, viz. Perfpicui- ty, Probability, Brevity, and Sweetnefs.

The Narration is rendred perfpicuom, by obferving the Order of Time, by ufing none but proper and known Terms, and by reciting the Aftion uninterruptedly.

It is rendred probable, by the Credibility of the Narra- tor 5 by the Simplicity and Opennefs of the Narration, by avoiding nothing far remote from the common Senfe and Opinion of Mankind, and by a precife Detail of Circum- ftances.

It is rendred brief, by taking it up no higher than is juft neceffary ; nor fetching it back, as that impertinent Author in Horace, Qui Gemma Helium Trojanum ordttttr ah ovo : And by avoiding trivial Circumftances.

Laftly, it is rendred facet, by ufing fmooth, numerous, and well-founding Words 5 by arranging them, fo as to avoid any Hiatus, or Cla/hing. By the Greatnefs, Novelty, and Unexpeftednefs of the Things related 5 and by enriching it with Tropes and Figures $ as frequent Admirations, Ex- clamations, Interrogations, Expectations, Sufpences, fur- prizing Events; by Grief, Joy, Fear, l£c. See Trope.

Narration, in Poetry, is ufed particularly for the Action, or Event, that makes the Subjeft of an Epic Poem. See Action.

"F.BoJfu obferves, that the Actions in Poetry are equally fufceptible of the two kinds of Oratorial Narration^, and that each conftitutes a particular Species of Poetry.

Thofe under the Artificial, or Aftive Form, are now call'd Dramatic. See Drama.

And thofe only related by the Poet, who here perfo- nates an Hiftorian, are call'd Epic. See Epopea.

In the Drama, the Narration is the whole of the Piece 5 in the Epopea, 'tis only a Parr, tho' in effeft it is the prin- cipal Part, and the Body of the Poem. 'Tis preceded by the Proportion and Invocation, which Bojjii calls the Preludes 5 and is frequently interrupted by the Poet's fpeaking in Per- fon, demanding Pardon, Favour, t£c. See Invocation, \§c.

The Narration includes the whole Aftion, Epifodied, with all its Circumftances and its Ornaments. S^e Episode,

'Tis in this Part that the Aftion is to be begun, carried on, and ended. 'Tis this, is to fhew the Caufes of all that is related : in this the Difficulties are to be propofed and re- folved, and the Perfons, both human and divine, are her-e to fhew their Interefts, their Manners, and their Qualities, by their Aftions and their Difcourfe : and all this is to be defcribed with the Beauty, the Majefty, and Fotce of Verfe, Stile, Sentiments, Comparifnn, and other Orna- ments proper to the Subjeft in general, and to each thing in particular.

The Qualities of the Epic Narration are, that it be agree- able, prubable, moving, furpriiins, and aftive.

Horace fpeaks of the L'ti/e and Vulce as on the fame Foot- ing. BoJJu looks on the Utile as an eliential Property 5 and the Dttlce as no more than an additional Quality.

NASAL, fomething belonging to the Nofe, Naftts. As the Nofe-Piece of a Helmet, &c.

Nasal, in Grammar, £S?c. a Term applied to thofe Sounds, or Letters, in whofe Formation, the Nofe is the principal Organ j and particularly where the Sound form'd is palled thro the Nofe. See Letter.

In raofl EngUJJj Words, the Sounds exprerTed by the Characters an, en, in, on, un, are fimple Sounds ; and pro- per Nafal Vowels.

NASALIA, in Medicine, a fort of Remedies to be taken by theNofe; callM alfo Errhines. See Errhines.

NASI Os, in Anatomy, a thin Bone, making the upper Part of the Nofe. See Nose.

NATALIS,Natai,is Dies, orNATALiTiUM, properly fignify a Man's Birth-Day.

The Word was firft ufed among the Heathens, to fignify the Feaft held on the Anniverfary of the Birth of an Em- peror ; whence it came, in time, to fignify any fort of Feaft. And accordingly, in the Vafi't, we meet with Natalis Solis,

Nat alts