Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/222

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who bv Flattery fought to procure Favours from them, itudied' new Honours. Suetonius obferves, that a Comedian en the Theatre having call'd Jttgttftus, Vominus, Lord ; the Spectators all {tared at hitru So that the Emperurforbad, fur-the future, that Quality to be attributed to him. CV livtila was the firll who exprelly commanded himfelf to be eatl'd Dominus. Martial, entirely devoted to Tyranny, calls Dotnttian, Domimm deumque nojtrrm. In time, the Title was alfo apply'd to the People 5 and of Dominus, at length was foi ivi'd Dom. See DoM.

Monsieur, abfolutely ufed, is a Title or Quality af- fected to the iecond Son of France, or the King's Brother.

In a Letter of Philip de Vahis, that Prince f peaking of his Predeceffor, calls him Monfieur le Roy, Monfienr the King. At prefent, no body calls the King Monfieur, but the Chil- dren of Trance.

MOM SOON, a regular, or periodical Wind, in the Eaft- Irtdies, blowing conttantly the fame way, during fix Months of the Year, and the contrary way the remaining fix. See Wind-

In the Indian Ocean, the Winds are partly general, and blow all the Year round the fame way, as in the JEthiopic Ocean j and partly periodical, i. e. half rhe Year blow one way, and the other half near on the oppofite Points. And thofe Points and Times of fhifting difxer in different Parts of this Ocean. Bailey. ^

Thefe latter, or periodical Winds, are what we call Mmfooni. . r

Monfoons then arc a Species of what we otherwife call Trade-Wind!. See Trade -Wind.

They take the Denomination Mottfom from an antient Pilate, that firtl crofs'd the Indian Sea by means hereof. Others derive the Name from a Portuguefe Word fignifying Motion, or Change of Wind, and Sea.

Lucretius and /ipolhn'ms make mention of annual Winds which arife every Year, Bthefia Flabra, which feem to be the fame with what in the Eaji-Indieswe now call Monfoons.

MONSTER, a natural Birth, or Production of a living thin" degenerating from the proper and ufual Difpofition of Parts, in the Species it belongs to. As when there are too many Members, or roo few ; or fome of 'em are extra- vagantly out of Propottion.

Jrijiotle defines a Monfler to be a Defect of Nature, when aSing towards fome end, it cannot attain to it, by reafon fome of its Principles are corrupted.

Uonjters do not propagate their kind ; for which reafon fome rank Mules among the dumber of Monjlers ; as alfo Hermaphrodites. See Mule and Hermaphrodite.

The Word comes from the Latin Monjirum, of Mon- Jlrando, fhewing.

Du Canfe mentions an Inventory of the Church d'Evrem with this Article, Iron mm Monjlrum cum Offibits SanBi Pe- tri in Keril, £y Crucifxo in fummitate.

Females, which bring forth Twins, are molt liable to produce Unifiers. The reafon, probably, is owing tothis; that tho the Twins are cover'd with one common Chorion, yet they have each their feparate Amnios, which, by their contiguity may chance to grow together, and fu occaiion a confufion, or blending of the Parts. Hence fo many double Creatures. See Double.

F. Malbranche accounts for the Production ofMottflers in the Animal World, thus :

The Creator has eftablimed fuch a Communication be- tween the feveral parts of his Creation, that we are not only naturally led to imitate one another, i. e. have adifpo- fition to do the fame things, and afi'ume the fame manners with thofe with whom we converfe j but alfo have certain natural Difpofitions which incline us toCompaffion, as well as Imitation. Thefe things moll Men feel, and are fen- fible of i and, therefore, need not be proved. The Ani- mal Spirits then ate not only naturally carried into the re- r ipective parts of the Body to perform the fame Actions,

and the lame Motions which we fee others do, but alfo to receive in fome manner their Wounds, and take part in their Sufferings.

Experience tells us, that when we look attentively on any Perfon feverely beaten, or that has a large Wound, Ulcer, or the like ; the Spirits immediately flow into thofe parts of our Body which anfwer to thofe we fee fuffer in the other ; unlefs their Courfe be ftopp'd from fome other Principle. This Flux of Spirits is very fenfible in Perfons of a delicate Conllitution, whofrequently fhudder, and find a kind of trembling in the Body on thefe Occa- fions 5 and this Compaffion in Bodies, pfoduces Compaflion in the Mind.

Now it mull be here obferved, that the view of a Wound, g?c. produces a Wound in the Perfon who views it, by fo much the greater and more fenfible, as the Per- fon is more weak and delicate ; the Spirits making a ftron- ger Impreffion on the Fibres of a delicate Body, than in rWe of a robofl one. Thus ffrong, vigorous Men, i£c. fee an Execution without much concern, while Women,S£c.

are ftruck With Pity add Horror. As to Children ftill in their Mother's Womb, the Fibres of their Fle/h being in- comparably finer than thofe in Women, the Courfe of the Animal Spirits mull neceffarily produce much greater Alterations.

This thing being laid down, Mottfter! are ealily accounted for. Suppole, ». £ . a Child bom a Fooi; and with all its Legs and Arms broke in the fame manner as thofe of Criminals in fome Countries are ; which cafe we chufe to mflance in, becaufe we are told from Paris that fuch a Monjierv/is aSually born there, and liv'd in one of their Hofpitals twenty Years : The Caufc of this Accidentj according to the Principles Said down, was, that the Mother feeing a Criminal executed, every Stroke given to the poor Man, ftrook forcibly the Imagination of the Mother 3 and by a kind of Counter-Broke, the tender and delicate Brain of the Child. Now, tho the Fibres of the Woman's Brain were firangely fhaken by the violent flux of the Animal Spirits on this occafion, yet they had tlrength and confidence enough to prevent an entire diforder and over- turning ; whereas the Fibres of the Child's Brain being unable to bear the mock of*thofe Spirits, were in- tirely diilipated j and that Ravage was great enough to deprive him of Reafon all his Life time.

Again, the view of the Execution frighting the Woman, the violent Courfe of the Animal Spirits was directed forcibly from the Brain to all thofe Parts of the Body correfponding to the furTering parts of the Ctiminal ; and the fame thing mult happen in the Child. But in regard the Bones of the Mother were ilrong enough to refill the Impulfe of thofe Spirits, they were not damaged. And yet the rapid Courfe of thefe Spirits could ealily over- power, and break the tender and delicate Fibres of the Bones of the Child ; the Bones being the laft parts of the Body that ate form'd, and having a very (lender confiilence while the Child is yet in the Womb.

To which it may be here added, that had the Mother determined the Courfe of thefe Spiiits towards fome orher part of her Body, by tickling or fcratching herfeif vehe- mently, the Child would not, in all probability, have had its Hones broken 5 but the part anfwering that, to which. the Motion of the Spirits was determined, would have been the Sufferer.

Hence appears the reafon, why Women in the time of Geltation, feeing Perfons, ££?c. mark'd in fuch amanner in the Face, imprefs the fame Mark on the fame parts of the Child : And why, upon rubbing fome hidden part of the Body, when ftartled at the Sight of any thing, or agitated with any extraordinary Pavfion, the Mark or Impreffion is fix'd on that hidden part rather than on the Face of the Child. From the Principles here laid down, may moft, if not all, the Phenomena of Monjiers be eafily accounted tor.

There are alfo Monfrers in the Vegetable World : Such fl e. g. are what fome Botanifts call Mules. Sec Mule, Ge-j

NERATION, l$c.

Floriils give the Denomination Monjlsrs to what we 0- therwife call Double flowers.

MONSTRANS de Droit, a Writ iffuingout ofChancety to be rellored to Lands or Tenements that arc mine in Right, tho on fome occaiion found in Pofleilion of one lately dead.

MONSTRAVERUNT, a Writ which lies for a Tenant who holds freely by Charter in antient Demefn, upon his being diitrained for the payment of any Toll or Impofition contrary to the Liberty he does, or ought to enjoy.

MONSTRUM was antiently ufed for the Box wherein Relicks were kept. See Monster.

MONS Veneris, fee Veneris Mens.

MONTANISTS, antient Heretics, fo call'd from their Leader iMontanus, who acted the Prophet, and had his Propheteffcs.

They were alfo called Phrygians, Cataphrygians, and Qiuntilians. Sec Phrygian, Cataprhycian, andQuiN-

TILIAN.

MONTH.Mensis, the twelfth part ofa Year. SeeYEARj

Time, we have obferv'd, is Duration mark'd out for certain ufes ; and meafured by theMotionsof the Heavenly Bodies. See Time and Duration.

Hence refult divers kinds of Years, and Months, accor- ding to the particular Luminary by whofe Revolutions they are determined, and the particular purpofes they are dellined for ; as Solar Months, Lunar Months, Civil Months, JJlronomical Months, Sic.

SolarMourn is the Space of Time wherein the Sun movesthtoone entire Sign »f the Ecliptic. See Sun.

Hence, if regard be had to the Sun's true Motion, the Solar Months will be unequal ; fince the Sun is longer in pairing thro' the Winter Signs, than thofe of the Summer.

But as he conflantly ttavels thro' all the Twelve in ;«;

Days, 5 Hours, and 40 Minutes, the Quantity ofa mean

Month will be had by dividing that Number by 12. On

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