Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/217

 MON

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MON

In comparing the Motions of Bodies, the Ratio of their Moments is always compounded of the Quantity of Mat- ter, and the Celerity of the moving Body j fo that the "Moment of anyfuch Body may beconh'der'd as a Rectangle under the Quantity of Matter, and rhe Celerity. And fmce it is certain that alL equal Reclangles have their fides re- ciprocally proportionable ; therefore if the Moments of any moving Bodies are equal, the Quantity of Matter in one to that of the other will be reciprocally as the Celerity of the latter to the Celerity of the former ; and, on the con- ' trary, if the Quantities of Matter are reciprocally pro- portionable to the Celerities, the Moments, or Quantities in each, will be equal.

ThcMomtnt alfo of any moving Body may be confider'd as the Aggregate or Sum of all the Moments of the Parts of that Body ; and therefore where the Magnitudes and Num- ber of Particles are the fame, and where they are moved with the fame Celerity, there will be the fame Ma- in ems of the Wholes. See Motion.

MONARCHY, a large State govern'd by one 5 or a State where the fupreme Power is lodged in the hands of a llngle Perfon, See Government.

The molt antient Monarchy was that of the Af/yrians, which was founded foon after the Deluge.

We ufually reckon four Grand or Univerfal Monarchies, the Afjyrian, Perfian, Grecian, and Roman. But St. Att- guftin makes them but two, viz* thofe of Babylon and L Rome. There is no neceflity ro make the Merter, Perfians and Greeks fucceed to the whole Power of the Ajjyrians, to multiply the number of the Monarchies. It was the fame Empire itill, and the feveral Changes that hapned in it, did not ccnUitute different Monarchies. Thus the Roman Empire was fucceffively govern'd by Princes of different Nations, yet without any new Monarchy being formed thereby. Rome therefore may be faid to have immediately fucceeded Babylon in the Empire of the World. See Em- pire.

Of Monarchies forne are Abfolute and Defpotic, where the Will of the Monarch is uncontrollable ; as France, &c. others limited, where the Prince's Authority is retrained by Laws, and part of the fupreme Power lodged in other hands; as in England. Some again are Hereditary, where Succeifion devolves immediately from Father to Son ; and others Elective, where, on the Death of the Monarch, his Succeffor is appointed by Election, as Poland.

The Word comes from the Greek ^ova^xyh, one who go- verns alone ; form'd of pay®- Joins, and ct?^,» Imfermm, Government.

According to Hobbes, Monarchy, as well as Ariftocracy, derives all its Authority from the People, who transfer all their Right, v. g. the fupreme Power, by a Plurality of Suffrages, &c. to fome one Perfon call'd a Monarch ; fo that whatever the People could have done before this Tranflation, may be now rightfully done by him, to whom the Tranflation is made. This done, the People are no longer to be look'd on as a Perfon, but a diffblv'd Multi- tude ; in regard they were only one by virtue of the fu- preme Power, which they have now transferred to ano- ther.

Nor can the Monarch, fays he, oblige himfelf by any Covenants, to any Perfon, for rhe Authority he has re- ceiv'd 5 in regard he receives the Power from the People, which, as foon as that is done, ceafes to be a Perfon $ and the Perfon ceafing, the Obligation to the Perfon ceafes of courfe. The People therefore are oblig'd to pay Obe- dience to the Monarch, by virtue of thofe Covenants, where- by they mutually oblige thcmfelves to what the People, as a Perfon, injoins to be done.

He argues further, that as a Monarch cannot be oblig'd by any Covenants; fo neither can he do any injury to his Subjects; an Injury being nothing clfe but a Breach of Covenant ; and where there is no Covenant, there can be no Breach. De Che, cap. 8.

MONASTERY, a Convent, or Houfe built for the Re- ception of Religious, whether it be Abbey, Priory, Nunnery, or the like. See Aubey, Priory, ei?c.

Monaftery is in a more immediate fenfe apply'd to the Houfes of Mendicant Friars, and Nuns. The rell are more properly call'd Convents. See Convent.

MONASTIC, fomething belonging to the Monks, or the Mankifi Life. See Monk.

The Monajiic Profeflion is a kind of civil Death, which has the fame Effects with the natural Death. The Coun- cil of Trent, &c. fix fixteen Years for the Age at which a Perfon may be admitted into the Monafiical Life.

St. Anthony is the Perfon who in the fourth Century firft inflimted the Monajiic Life ; as St. Pacome, in the fame Century, is faid to have firft fet on foot the Ccenobitic life, i.e. Regular Communities of Religious. See Coeno- bite.

In a fhort time, the Defarts of Egypt became inhabited with a Set of Solitaries, who took upon them the Monaftic

Profeflion. See Solitary. St. Bafil carry 'd theMonki/lj Humour into the Eaft, where he compos'd a Rule, which afterwards obtain 'd thro a great part of the Weft. In the eleventh Century, the Monajiic Discipline was grown very remifs. St. Odo firft began to retrieve it in the Monaflerv of amy. 7

That Monallery, by the Conditions of its Erection, was put under the immediate Protection of the Holy See ; with a Prohibition to all Powers, both Secular and Eccle- fialtical, to dillurb the Monks in the Poffcffion of their Effects, or the Election of their Abbot. In virtue hereof they pleaded an Exemption from the Jurifdiction of the BiThopj and extended this Privilege to all the Houfes de- pendent on Cluny. This made the firfr. Congregation of feveral Houfes under one Chief immediately fubjt-ct to the Pope, fo as ro conltitute one Body, or, as they now call it one Religious Order. Till then, each Monallery was inde- pendent of other, and fubject to the Bi/liop. See Or- der, Abbot, Religious, &c.

MONETAGIUM, Monet ace, was amiently the Right, or Privilege of Coining Money. See Mint, Coin- ing, ££c.

MONK, was antiently a Perfon who retir'd from the World, to give himfelf up wholly to God, and to live in Solitude, and Abilinence. See Religious.

Such were the Hermites and Anchorites, who withdrew in- to Defarts, and lived remote from all Commerce of Man- kind. See Hermite and Anchorite.

The Word is deriv'd from the Latin Monachus, and that from rhe Greek ctovx-X' 3 -* which fignifies alone, by reafon the antient Monks liv'd in Solitude, as the true Monks ftill do.

Some Writers, as Father Helyot, Difiert. Prelim, trace the Original of Monks up as early as the time of the Therapeutcc and maintain that there had been an uninterrupted Succef- fion of Mjnks frem the Tberapeut*- to St. Anthony. Others on the contrary, are contented with going back as far as St. Paul, the firil Hermite. See Therapeutje.

The Monks, at leaft the antient ones, were diftinguifli'd into Solitary and C<enob\tes.

The Solitary are thofe who live alone, in Places remote from all Towns, or Habitations of Men, as do Hill fome of the Hermites. See Solitary.

The Qenobites are thefe who live in Community with fe- veral others in the fame Houfe, and under the fame Su- periors. See Coenobite.

Thofe Houfes again were of two kinds, viz. Mortafieries and Lauri. See Monastery and Laurus.

Thofe we call Monh now-a-days, are Qenobites, who live together in a Convent or Monallery, who make Vows of living according to a certain Rule eiiabli/h'd by the Foun- der, and wear a Habit which dillinguifhes their Order.

Thofe that are endow'd, or have a fix'd Revenue, are properly call'd Mmih, as the Chartreux, Benediilines, Ber- nardmes, &c. The Mendicants, or thofe that beg, as the Carthufians, and Francifcans, are properly call'd Religious, tho the Names are frequently confounded. See Religious.

The firll Monks were thofe of St. Anthony j of Sr. Bafil ', call'd in rhe Eaft Calogers, from ^Aoj yi&p. Good old Max $ and thofe of St. Jerom ; the Hermites of St.Augujiine, and afterwards thofe of St. Benedict and St. Bernard; at length came thole of St. Francis, St. Dominic, with a Legion of o- thers ; which fee under their proper Heads. Benedic- tins, ££?c.

Monks are diftingui/h'd by the Colour of their Habits into Black, White, Grey, <£c.

Among the Monks, fome arc call'd Monks of .the Choir, others Prof cj/ed Monks, and others Lay Monks ; which laft are deflin'd for the Service of the Convent, and have nei- ther Clcricature nor Literature. See Lay.

Cloifter'd Monks, are thofe who actually refide in the Houfe, in oppofition to Extra- Monks, who have Benefices depending on the Monallery. They are dillinguiflVd fur- ther into Reformed, whom the Civil and Ecclefiaflical Au- thority have made Mailers of antient Convents, and put it in their power to retrieve the antient Difcipline, which had been relax'd ; and Antient, who enter the Convent, to live in it according to its Eftablifhment at the time when they make their Vows, without obliging themfelves to any new Reform.

Antiently, the Monks were all Laymen, and were only diftinguifh'd from the rell by a particular Habit, and an extraordinary Devotion. Not only the Monks were prohi- bited the Prieflhood ; but even Priefts were exprefly prohi- bited from becoming Monks., as appears from the Letters of St. Gregory. Pope Syricius was the fir ft who call'd them to the Clericature, on occafion of fome great Scarcity of Priefts, that the Church was then fuppos'd to labour under. And fince that time, the Prieflhood has been ufually u- nited to the Monafiical Profeflion. See Father, &c.

MONKS Rhubarb, fee Rhubarb.

MONKS