Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/215

 MOD

(tft)

Vhat cf its Delicacy and Solidity; and partly of the Go- thic, whence it borrows Members and Ornaments, without FropoV ion or Judgment. See Architecture

MODIFICATION, or Mode, in Philofophy, that which hwiijtei a thing \ that is, gives it this or that manner df Being. See Mode.

Quantity and Quality are Accidents that make the Mo- dification of all Bodies. See Quantity and Qultilt.

According to Spinoza's Syftem, all the Beings that com- pote the Univetfe, are only fo many different Mediations of one and the fame Subdance. Tl'a the different Ar- rangement and Situation of their Parts, that make all the difference between them. See Spinosism.

MODIFICATIVE, fomething that modifies, or gives a thing a certain Manner of being.

Father Buffer eflablifb.es a new Part of Speech, which

Jie calls Modificathe. Nouns, and Verbs, he obferves, are ufceptible of divers Circumdances or Modifications .- In the Phrafe Zeal alts, we have a Noun and Verb without any Modification ; but in that, Zeal without Difcretion stBs rajb- ly, the Noun and the Verb are each attended with a Modi- fication or Circumdance.

This laft Kind of Words, which ferve to modify Nouns and Verbs, fince it has no general Name in the common Grammars, he chufes to call Modificathes. It includes what Grammarians commonly call Mverh, ConjunBion, and Pre- fafitiox. See Conjunction, Preposition, JS?c.

MODILLIONS, in Architecture, Ornaments in theCor- nifh of the Ionic, Corinthian, and Compofite Columns. Sec Cornish.

The Modillioits are little Confoles or Brackets under the Soffit of the Cornifh, feeming to fupport the Lamier, tho in reality they are no more than Ornaments. See Console.

They ought always to be placed over the middle of the Column. They are particularly affefled in the Corinthian Order, where they are ufually enrich'd with Sculpture.

The Mod-.ltion js ufually in form of an S inverted, and fitted to the Soffit of the Corniih. See Cornish.

The Proportions of Modillions mull be fo adjutled, as to produce a Regularity in the Parts of the Soffits.

The Inter-fylodillions, i.e. theDillances between them, de- pend oh the Inter-Columns, which oblige the Modillions 10 be made of a certain Length and Breadth, in order to make the Intervals perfefl Squares, which are always found to have better effect than Parallelograms. To this it mult be added, that in adjulling the Modillioits, Care fhould be ta- ken that they have fuch a Proportion, as that when the Ciders are placed over one another, there be the fame Number in the upper Order as in the lower, and that they fall perpendicularly over each other.

Modillioits are alfo ufed under the Cornilhes of Pediments ; tho KitiKWM obferves that they were not allow'd of in his time, in regard Modillions were intended to reptefent the Ends of Rafters, which could not be fuppos'd to be ufed in a Pediment. See Pediment.

Some will have the Modillions of a Pediment to reprefent Purlins ; and thofe at the Eaves to reprefent Rafters. Da- viler rather takes them for a kind of inverted Confoles or Corbels.

The Modiilion is fometimes alfo call'd Mutule, tho Ufe has introdue'd a little difference between the Idea of a hioddhon and a Mutule ; the Mutule being peculiar to the Doric Order ; and the Modillions to the higher Orders. See Mutule.

The Word comes from the Italian Modiglione, a little Meafure.

MODIOLUS, a Chirurgeon's Inflrument, the fame with Jhaptijlon and Trepanxm. See Trepanum.

MODIUS, in Antiquity, a Kind of Bu/liel, or Meafure in ufe among the Romans for feveral Sorts of Grain. See Measure.

It contain'd about nine Bnglijh Quarts.

MODO IS Forma, in Law, a Phrafe ufed in Proceffes and Pleadings, whereby the Defendant abfolutely denies the thing charg'd on him by the Plaintiff, Modo & Forma declaratd.

The Civilians in the like fenfe fay, Negat allegata Prom allegantur, ejje -vera.

MODULATION, in Mufic, is the Art of keeping in or changing the Mode or Key. See Mode.

Under this Term is comprehended the regular Progref- fion of the feveral Parts thro the Sounds that are in the Harmony of any particular Key, as well as the proceeding naturally and regularly from one Key to another.

The Rules of Modulation in the fird fenfe belong to Har- mony and Melody. See Harmony and Melody.

We mall here only add a word with regard to the Rules of Modulation in the latter fenfe.

As every Piece mud have a principal Key ; and fince the Variety fo neceffary in Mufic to pleafe and entertain for- bids the being confined to one Key ; and that therefore it is not only allowable, but neceffary, to modulate into,

MOI

and make Cadences on feveral other Keys, having a Re- lation and Connection with the principal Key • It mull 1™ confiderd what it ia that conftitutes a Connection between the Harmony of one Key and that of another, that j, may be hence determin'd into what Keys the Harmony may be conducted with Propriety. See Key.

As to the Manner in which the Modulation from one Key to another is to be perform'd, fo that the Tranfi tion may be eafy and natural; 'ti. not eafy to fix any precifc Rules: for tho it is chiefly perform'd by the help of the 7th g of the Key, into which the Harmony is to be chan- ged, whether it be flat or lharp ; yet the Manner of doing it is fo various and extenfive, as no Rules can cafily circumfcribe. A general Notion of it may be concciv'd under the following Terms.

The 7th g in either /harp or flat Key, is the 3d j; to the 5th /of the Key, by which. the Cadence in the Key is chiefly perform'd ; and by being only a Semi- tone under the Key, is thereby the mod proper Note to lead into it, which it docs in the mod natural manner imaginable. In- fomuch that the 7 th g is never heard in any of the Parts, but the Ear exnefls the Key fhould fucceed it ; for whe- ther it be ufed as a 3d, or as a 6th, it always affefls us with fo lmperfeft a Senfation, that we naturally expect, fomething more perfect to foliow, which cannot be more ea- fily and fmoothly accomplifh'd, than by the fmall Interval of a Semi-tone, to pafs into the perfea Harmony of the Key. Hence it is, that the Tranfition into one Key is bed effected

y »'« n A r0( J UC ' ng " s 7ich fo naturll ly kads to it.

MODULE, in Architeaure, a certain Meafure, or Bia- nefs taken at pleafure, for regulating the Proportions of Columns, and the Symmetry or Diitribution of the whole Building. See Column.

Architects ufually chufe the Semi-diameter of the bot- tom of the Column for their Module 5 and this they fubdi- vide into Parts, or Minutes.

i Vignola divides his Module, which is a Semi-diameter into twelve Parts in the Tufcan and Doric, and into eigh- teen for the other Orders.

The Module of Palladia, Scamozzi, M. Cambray, Defto- iter*, Le Clerc, &e. which is alio equal to the Semi-diame- ter, is divided into thirty Parts or Minutes in all the Or- ders. See Minute.

Parts

Some divide the whole height of the Column ^.rts for the Doric, 22^ for the Ionic, 25 for the ™ Wa and one of thefe Parts they make a Module, to rculare the red of the Building by.

into 20 Roman,

tho Meafures, fix'd Standard

There are two Ways of determining Proportions of Buildings ; the firft by _ Meafure, which is ufually the Diameter of the lower part of the Column, call'd a Module, fubdivided into 60th Parts, call'd Minutes. In the fecond, there arc no Minutes, nor any certain and dated Divifiun of Ac Module; but it is divided occafionally into as many Parts as are judg'd necef- fary. Thus, the height of the Attic Bafc, which is half the Module, is divided either into three, to have the height of the Plinth ; or into four, for that of the greater Torus ; or into fix, for that of the leffer. Both thefe Manners have been practifed by the antient, as well as the modern Architefls: But the fecond, which was that chiefly ufed among the Antients, is in my Opinion preferable. Ten-aid'

As Vitruvius, in the Doric Order, has leffen'd his Module, which in the other Orders is the Diameter of the lower part of the Column ; and has redue'd that great Module to a mean one, which is theSemidiametcr : I here reduce tb<3 Module to a third part for the fame reafon, viz. to determino the feveral Meafures without a Fraction. For in the Dori- Order, befide that the height of the Bafe, as in. the other Orders, is determin'd by one of thefe mean Modules ; the fame Module gives likewife the heights of the Capital Ar- chitrave, Triglyphs, and Metopes. But our little Modal,- taken from the third of the Diameter of the lower 1 the Column, has Ufes much more extenfive ; for the heights of Pededals, of Columns, and Entablatures in all the Orders, are determin'd without a Fraction.

As then the great Module, or Diameter of the Column. has 60 Minutes ; and the mean Module, or half the Dia- meter, ;o Minutes; our little Module has 20. Id.

MODUS Decimandi, is when Land, a Sum of Money, or a yearly Penfion, belongs to the Parfon, either by Cumpo- fition or Cudom, in Satisfaflion for Tithes in Kind.

MOHAIR, Mouairi, or Moire, akindofS:ufr or- dinarily' of Silk, both Weft and Warp ; having its Grain wove very clofe.

There are two kinds c( Mohairs, the one fmooth and plain; the other water'd like Tabbys : The Difference between the two only confills in this, that the lattet is calander'd, the other not.

There are alfo Mohairs both plain, and water'd the Woof whereof is Woollen, Cotton, or Thread.

MOIDORE, Mordorh, or Moeda, a Gold Coin, ftruck and current in Portugal. See Coin.

Tho

part of by this