Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/213

 MOD

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MOD

tit 5 and when forward and ready upon every Occafion, to break into Action, we call it Dtfpojiuen : Thus Teftinefs is a Difpofition or Aptnefs to be angry. Power being the Source of all Action, the Subftances, wherein thofe Pow- ers are, when rhey exert this Power, are call'd Cafes : And the Subftances thereupon produced, or the fimple Ideas introduced into any Subject, EffeBs. The Efficacy whereby the new Subftance or Idea is produced, is call'd in the Subject exerting that Power, JBion ', in the Subject wherein any fimple Idea is changed, or produced, Tajfion. Which Efficacy in intellectual Agents, we can conceive to be nothing elfe, but Modes of Thinking and Willing : In Corporeal Agents, nothing elfebut Modifications or Motions.

Whatever fort of Action, befides thefe, produces any Effect, we have no Notion or Idea of. And, therefore, many Words which feem to exprefs fome Action, fignify nothing of the Action, but barely the Effect,^ with fome Circumftances of the Subject wrought on, or Caufe opera- ting : Thus Creation, and Annihilation, contain in them no Idea of the Action, or Manner whereby they are produced, but barely of the Caufe, and the Thing done* And when a Country-man fays, the Cold freezes Water, though the word, Freez-tng, fee m to import fome Action, yet it truly fignifks nothing but the Effect, ziz. that the Water that was before fluid, is become hard and confiftent j without intimating any Idea of the Action whereby it is done.

In Mixed Modes, it is the Name that feems to preferve their Effences, and to give them their lafting Duration. The Collection of Ideas is made by the Mind, but the Name is, as it were, the Knot which ties them faft toge- ther : Hence we feldom take any other for diftinct Spe- cies of mixed Modes t but fuch as are fet out by Names. We mult obferve, that the Names of mixed Modes always fig- nify the real Effences of their Species ; which being nothing but the abilract complex Ideas, and not refer'd to the real Exigence of Things, there is no fuppolition of any thing more fignified by any Name of a mixed Mode, but barely that complex Idea, the Mind itfelf has form'd ; which when the Mind has form'd, is all it would exprefs by it, and is that on which all the Properties of the Species de- pend^ and from which alone they flow j and fo, in thefe, the real and nominal Efltnce is the fame.

This alfo /hews the Reafon, why the Names of mixed Modes are commonly got, before the Ideas they Hand for are perfectly known ; becaufe there being no Species of thefe ordinarily taken notice of, but fuch as have Names, and thofe Species being complex Ideas made arbitrarily by the Mind, it is convenient, if not neceffary, to know the Names, before we learn the complex Ideas ; unlefs a Man will fill his Head with a company of abftract complex Ideas, which others having no Names for, he has nothing todowith^ but to lay by, and forget again. In the be- ginning of Languages, it was neceffary to have the Idea, before one gave it the Name •■, and fo it is ft ill, where a new complex Idea is to be made, and a Name given it. In fimple Ideas, and Subftances, it isotherwife j which be- ing fuch Ideas, as have real Exiffence and Union in Na- ture, the Ideas or Names are got, one before the other, as it happens.

The Schoolmen make numerous other Divisions of Modes ? as into Immediate and Mediate : Ejjential and Non- EffenPal : Pofitive and Privative : Of Spirit and of Body : Of Thinkings and of Having.

Immediate Modes are thofe immediately attributed to their Subjects or Subftances.

Mediate Modes are thofe attributed to Subjects by the intervention of fome other Mods.

Thus £•£>"• Motion is an immediate Mode of the Body 5 Knowledge of the Mind, £ffc.

But Swiftnefs and Slownefs are not immediately attribu- table to the Body; but only to the Body inrefpect of the Motion.

Ejfential, or Infeparable Modes, are Attributes without which the Subftance cannot exift 5 as Wifdom, Goodnefs, Power, $$c. in God ; Figure, Place, Quantity, Exten- sion, &c, of Body. See Attribute.

Nen-Effentialy or Separable Modes, are Attributes affec- ting created Subftances, and remaining affix'd thereto fo long as it is neceffary ; fuch are Coldnefs, of Water : Hardnefs, of Stone : Whitenefi, of Milk, i$c.

Pofitive Mopes, are thofe which give fomething real, pofitive, and abfolute to their Subftances. Thus Round- nefs is a pofitive Mode of a Globe, £S?e.

Privative Modes are attributed to Subjects, when the Mind perceiving fome Attributes wanting therein, framesa Word, which at firft fight feems to note fomething pofi- tive, but which in reality only notes the want of fome Pro- perty, or Mode. Thus a Privation of Light is attributed to a blind Man, i$c.

Modes of Spirit are two, viz. Cognition, or K; and tt'ittirg. See Knowledge and Willino.

Modes of Body are three, viz. Figure, Reji, and Motion- See Figure, Rest, and Motion.

Modes of Thinking are the fame with EfTential Attri- butes or Modes. See Effential Mode.

Modes of Having, are thofe whereby any thing may be had by another.

Jrijiotle enumerates feven of thefe : A thing, for inftance maybe had either by the Mode of Quality, as Knowledge \ by that of Magnitude, a£ Circumference 5 by the Mode of Part, as the Hand, l$c.

Mode is alfo ufed in Logic, for the Modification of a

Propofition 5 or that which renders it Modal and Gonditional,

See Conditional.

Mode in Grammar, > o **

n* • 1 * £ See Mood.

Mode in Logic, >

MODE in Mufic, is defined by fome Authors, the parti- cular Manner of conflituting the Octave 5 or the melodious Conftitution of the Octave, as it confifts of feven EfTential, or Natural Notes befides the Key, or Fundamental. See Octave.

A Mode, then, is not any fingle Note, or Sound j but the particular Order of the concinnous Degrees of an Octave ; The fundamental Note whereof may, in another fenfe, be call'd the Key, as it fignifies that principal Note which re- gulates the reft.

Theproper difference between a Mode and a Key, conflfts in this, that an Octave with all its natural and concinnous Degrees, is call'd a. Mode, with refpect to the Conftitution, or the manner and way of dividing it j and with refpect to the place of it in the Scale of Mufic, that is, the Degree or Pitch of Tune, it is call'd a Key : that is, an Octave of Sounds may be rais'd in the fame Order, and Kind of De- grees which makes the fame Mode, and yet be begun higher or lower ', that is, be taken at different Degrees with re- fpect to the whole, which makes different Keys : and from the fame Definition it follows, that the fame Key may be found with different Modes ■> that is, the Extremes of two Octaves may be in the fame Degree of Tune, and theDi- vifion of 'em different. See Key.

Now it may be further obferved, that of the natural Notes of every Mode, or Octave-, three go under the Name of the effential Notes in a peculiar manner, viz. the Fun- damental, the Third, and Fifth ; their Octaves being rec- kon 'd the fame, and mark'd with the fame Letters in the. Scale ; the reft are particularly call'd Dependents. Again, the Fundamental is alfo call'd the final ; the Fifth the Do- minante j and the Third, as being between the other two, the Mediante. See Key.

The Doctrine of the Antients with regard to Modes, which they fometiraes alfo call Tones, is fomewhat obfeure 5 there being an unaccountable Difference among their Authors as to the Definitions, Divisions, and Names of their Modes. They agree indeed, that a.Mode is acertainSyftem orCon- ftitution of Sounds ; and that an Octave, with all its inter- mediate Sounds, is fuch a Conftitution : but the fpecific differences of Tones, fome place in the manner ofDivi- fion, or Order of its concinnous parrs ; and others merely in the different Tenfion of the Whole, 1, e. as the whole Notes are acuter or graver, or ftand higher or lower in the Scale of Mufic.

Boethius is very dark on this head, and defines a Mode to be, as it were, an intire Body of Modulation, confiftingof a Conjunction of Confonances, as the Diapafon.

Ftolemy makes the Modes the fame with the Species of the Diapafon 5 but at the fame time fpeaks of their being at fomediitance from each other. Some contended for thir- teen, fome for fifteen Modes, which they placed at a Semi- tone's diftance from each other 5 but it is plain, thofe un- derftood the differences to be only in their place or diftan- ces from each other 5 and that there is one certain harmo- nious Species of Octave apply'd to all, viz. that Order which proceeds from the Proflambanomenos of the Syjlemalm- mutatum, or the A of the modern Syftem. Ftolemy argues, that if this be all, they may be infinite, tho' they muft ba limited for Ufe and Practice. But, indeed, much the greater part define them by the Species Diapafon 5 and therefore only make feven Modes ; but as to their Ufe, we are left intirely in the dark.

If the Modes be nothing but the feven Species of Octaves, the Ufeof'em can only be, that the Projlambanomenosai any Mode being made the principal Note of any Song, there may be different Species of Melody anfwering to thofe different Conftitutions. But then we are not to con-' ceive that the Proflambanomenos, or Fundamental of any Mode is fixed to any particular Chord of the Syftem, v. g. the Phrygian to g j fo that we muft always begin there, when we would have a piece of Melody of that Species. When we fay in general, that fuch a M°de begins in g, it is no more than to fignify the Species of Octave as they ap- pear in a certain fix'd Syftem 5 but we may begin in any Chord of the Syftem, arid make it tk© Proflam. of any. Mode,

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