Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/16

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JECUR. SeeLher. J

JECUR UTERINUM, The Placenta is by Come thus called, from the fuppofed Similitude of its Office with that of the Liver.

JEJUNUM. See bueftines.

JEOFAYLE; a Compound of three French words, Je ay faille, I lam failed. _ It is ufed in a legal Senfc, when the Parties to any Suit have, in pleading, proceeded fo

' that they have joined Iffue, which /hall be tryed 0'

JE

is tryed by a Jury, and this Pleading or Iflue is" badly joined, fo that it will be Error if they proceed. In this Cafe one of the Parties might, by their Counfel, /hew it to the Court, as well after Verdict given, as before the Jury was charged : But this occafioning great De- lays in Suits, for the Rcdrefs thereof fevcral Statutes were made, na. 3 z H. VIII. c. 50. by which it was enacted, 'That if the Jury have, once paffed upon the ' Iffue, tho' afterwards there be found a Jeofayle in the ' the Verdict of the Jury.' Other Statutes have alfo been made relating to the fame thing, in the time of King James I. and Queen Elizabeth, and yet the Fault little mended.
 * Pleading, yet /hall Judgment be given according to

S. JEROM, the Name of four fevcral Orders of Re- ligious, who are fomctimes alfo called Jeronymites. The first, called the Order of St. Jerom of Spain, owe their Origin to the third Order of St. Francis, whereof the firrl Jeronymites were Members. Gregory the Eleventh con- firmed this Order, under the Name of St. Jerom, whom they had chofen for their Patron and their Model, and gave them the Constitutions of the Convent of St. M.try of the Sepulchre, with the Rule of St. Jugufiine 5 and for Habit, a white Tunic, with a Scapulary, a little Ca- puche, and a Mantle, all of their natural Colour, with- out Dying, and of a mean Price. The Jeronymites are in poffeffion of the Convent of St. Laurence, in the £f- cttrial, where the Kings of Spain are buried. In Spam is likewife an Order of Nuns of St. Jerom, founded by a Lady towatds the clofe of the 15th Century. Sixths put them under the Jurifdiciion of the Jeronymites, and gave them the Conilitutions of the Monaltery ufSt. Martha of Cordova, which were afterwards changed by Leo X. for thofe of the Order of St. Jerom. 7 he' fecond Order of St.Jerom is that of Lambardy, called St. J rom of the Ob- servance, founded by Loup d'Olmedo in 1424. in the Moun- tains of Cazalla, in the Diocefs of Sevil. The third Order of Jeronymites was founded by Peter Gambacorti abour the Tear 1377 i but the Vows they made were only fimple till i;<SS, when Pius V. appointed them to be fulemn. They have Houfes in Tirol, Italy, and Bavaria. The fourth Congregation of Jeronymites, are the Hermites of St. ;'e- rom of Fiezoli, begun in 1360, when Charles de Momegra- r.eli, of the Family of the Count of that Name, retiring into Solitude, firlt ertablifhed it at Verona. It was ap- proved by Innocent VII. under the Rule and Conilitutions of St. Jerom. But Ewenius, in 1441 changed it for that of St. Augufiin. As the Founder was of the third Order of St. Francis, they preferved that Habit ; but in 14S0, j>,bs, permitting fuch as pleafed to change it, occafioned a Division among them. This Order was finally sup- pressed by Clement XI. in 166%.

JESILBASCH, Green-Head, is the Name which the Ferfians give to the Turks, becaufe their Emirs wear a Green Turband.

JESSANT, a Term in Heraldry, ufed when, in a Coat of Arms, a Lion or other Bead is borne over fome Ordi- nary ; as over a Chief, a Bend, a Feffe, £5c. that Lion or Beast is blazoned JeJ/ant, or Jacent, that is, lying over all.

JESUATES, an Order of Religious, otherwise called Afoftolk.d Clerks. They were founded by John Columbia, and approved of by Urban V. in 1 3(17. at Viterla ; where he himfclf gave, to fuch as were prefent, the Habit they were to wear. They followed the Rule of St. Au- gttjl'me, and were ranked by Pitts V. among the Orders of Mendicants. They were called Jcfuates, becaufe their first Founders had the Name of Jefus continually in their Mouths. For two Centuries the Jefttates were mere Secu- lars ; but in 1606, Paul V. gave them leave to enter in- to Holy Orders. In moll of their Houfes they were em- ployed'in Pharmacy, others practifed Distillation, and fold Aqua Viu, which occafioned their being called Aqua Vitx- mtngers. Being very rich in the State of Venice, that Re- pub'lick follicited their Suppression, and obtained it of Clement IX. their Effects being employed towards fup- porting the Expences of the War in Candia.

JESUITS, an Order of Religious, founded by Ignatius Loyola, who are alfo called the Company of Jefus. This Order has rendered itfelf very confiderable by its Millions into the Indies, and by its other Employments relating to the Study of the Sciences, and the Education of Youth. The Council of Trent calls them, Clerks Regulars of the tympany of Jefus. It was in the Year 155S. that Ignatius

having affembled ten of his Companions at Rome, chofen moillyout of the Univerfity of Paris, propofed to them to make a new Order. After this he prefented the Plan of his Institution to Paul III. who appointed thtee Com- miffioners to examine it ; upon whole Report, the Pontiff confirmed the Institution, under the Name of The Compa- nyof Jefus, by aBull in 1540. By this Bull, their Num- ber was restrained to Sixty, but that Restriction was taken away, two Y ears afterwards, by another Bull. The Order has fince been confirmed by feveral fucceeding Popes, who have added many new Rights and Privileges to it. The End principally propofed by this Order, is to gain Converts to the Romifh Church, with which View they difpetfe themfelves in every Country and Natron, and with amazing Indultry and Addrefs purfue the End of their Institution. No Difficulty fo great that they cannot futmount, no Danger fo imminent that they will not un- dergo, no Crimes fo mocking that they will not perpe- trate, provided it may be of any Service to their Caufe. They have no particular Habit, but change and accom- modate it to Times and Occasions. This Order confilt* of five different Claffes ; Fellows, spiritual Coadjutors, approved Scholars, Lay-Brothers, called alfo temporal Coadjutors, and Novices. The Fellows, which make the Body of the Company, make the three folemn Vows of Religion publickly, and to thefe add a fpecial Vow of Obedience to the Head of the Church, as to what regards Millions among Idolaters, Heretics, &c. The spiritual Coadjutors alfo make public Vows of Chastity, Poverty, and Obedience, but omit the fourth relating to Millions. Approved Scholars are thofe, who, after two Years No- viciate, have been admitted, and have made three Vows of Religion ; not folemn, indeed, but yet declared. Thefe are in the way to become Fellows, or fpiritual Coadjutors, according as the General thinks fit. Thefe Degrees, efpecially rhat of Fellow, are never conferred till after two Years Noviciate, and feven Years Study, fe- ven of Regency, a thitd Year of Noviciate, and thirty three Years of Age. The Vows of the Scholars are ab- folute on their fide, but only conditional on the fide of the Order ; the General having it in his power to difpenfe

with them

The Order into Provinces

divided into Affillances, the Affillances id the Provinces into Houfes. It is go- verned by a General, who is perpetual and abfolutc. He resides at Rome, and is elected by a General Congrega- tion of the Order. He has with him, five Perfons" who are, as it were, his Miniflers. They are called Affittants, and bear the Name of the Kingdom or Country to which they belong, and by whom they are appointed, viz. of Italy, France, Spain, Germany, and Portugal. To thefer belongs the Care of preparing the Matters of their re- spective Affillances, and of putting them in a Method to facilitate their Expedition. It is by thefe, that both In- feriors and Superiors go regularly before the General. They are chofen by the Congregation, and are not only the General's Counfellors to affilt him in his Business but alfo to obferve his Conduct ; and, if they find occa' fion they may call a general Congregation without his Conlent, who may depofe him in form 5 or they have it ir 1 the.rpower to depofe him, themfelves, after bavins by Letter, obtained the Suffragesof their Provinces ■

Each Province has four kinds of Houfes, viz. pro'feitcd Houfes, which can have no Lands belonging to them ; Colleges, where the Sciences are taught ; Residences, where are a Number of Workmen employed in fuch Offi- ces, as have any immediate relation to Preaching, Con- feflion Millions, SSc. and Houfes of Novices. Amon« the Colleges there are fome called fimply Colleges, and others called Seminaries. Thefe last are fet afide for the young Jejutts to go through their Courfcs of Philofo- fophy and -'I neology in ; the others are for Strangers Each Province is governed by a Provincial, and each Houfe by a Superior, who is called a Reflor in the Col- leges, and a Superior in the other Houfes. Ignteim regu- lated the Difcipline of thefe Houfes, and efpecially of the Colleges, by what he had obferv'd in the Sorbonne while he studied at Paris. The Fellows of this Order renounce, by a folemn Vow, all Preferment, and efpe- cially Prelacy ; and cannot receive any, unlefs enjoin'd thereto by the Pope under pain of Sin. fometimes does ; infomuch that they Cardinals of their Order.

JET D' EAU, a French Word signify,.... that calls up Water to any considerable Height in the Air. Mr. Mar'mte faith, That a Jet d'Fait will' never rife fo high as its Refervatory, but always foils fhort of ir. bry a Space, which is in a fubduplicate Ratio of that Height ■ and this he proves by feveral Experiments. He faith alio' That if a greater, branches out in many fmaljer ones, or is distributed thro' feveral Jets, the Square of the Diameter of the main Pipe, must be proportioned to the Sum of all

ths

rhis the Pope had eight

Founta: