Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/149

 MAR

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in Judgment flgainft Criminals offending' Within the Verge of the Court.

There are other inferior Officers of this Name; as Mar- pal of the Juflices in Eyre ; Harjhal of the King's-Bench, who has Cuflody of the l'rifon, call'd the King's-Bench, in Southward. Knight-Marftal y an Officer in the Marjkalfea % under whom are the MarfoaVs Men, who arc properly the King's Bayliffs, and arreft in the Verge of the Court, when a Warrant is back'd by rhe Board of Green-Cloth. The Court where Cauics of this kind, between Man and Man, are tried, is call'd the Mar&alfea, and is under the Knight-Mar -pal '. In Fleta mention is made of a Marjhal of the King's Hall; a Marjhal of the Exchequer, to whom the Court commits the Cuflody of the King's Debtors,

MARSHAL* or Marechal, of France} the Name of an Officer of the Crown, who commands the Armies. The Dignity of Marftal is now for Life, tho at its firil Inititution it was otherwife. They were then only the King's firft Ecuyers under the Conftable, but in Time they became the Conftables Lieutenants in the Command of the Army, the Conftable himfelf being then become Captain- General. At firft they were but two in number, and their Allowance was but 500 Livvcs per Annum in Time of War, and nothing in Time of Peace. In the Reign of Francis the Firft, their Number was increafed to five 5 fince him it has been various : the late King increafed it at pleafure ; and it is now eleven. Their Office at firft was to marjhal the Army under the Conftable, and to command in his Abfence. They did then what theMzr- Jhais tie Camp do now ; to which laft they have given their Title, and the leaft confiderable Part of their Authority. The firft MarJLal does the Office of Conftable in an Af- fembly of the Marjhals,

Nicvtl derives the Word Marjhal from Polemarchus, Maf- ter of the Camp: Mat thezu Paris from Marti s Senef callus. In the old Gaulijh Language, March fignify'd Horfe, whence Marshal might fignify him who commanded the Cavalry. Menage derives it from Martjchahis i which is compofed of Marok or Wdrak f Horfe, and Schalk, powerful ; or, accord- ing to Cluverius, Servant: Which makes fome imagine, the Title was firft given to Farriers, or thofe who ihoe'd and bled Horfes; and that in Succeflion of Time, it paf- fed to thofe who commanded them. Pafquler makes four feveral Derivations for the four feveral Kinds of Marjhals, viz, Marjhals of France, Marftals de Camp, Marjhals de Logis t or Quarter-Mafters, and Farriers, who are call'd by The Name of lAarftals. The third he derives from Marche or Marchir, to mark* limits and the laft from Maire, Matter, and Chal y Horfe.

' MARSHALLING a Coat of Arms, in Heraldry, figni- fies the due and proper joining of feveral Coats of Arms in one and the fame Shield or Efcutcheon, together with their Ornaments, Parts, and Appurtenances. See Arms.

MARTIAL, is fometimes ufed to exprefs Preparations of Iron, or fuch as are impregnated therewith ; as the Martial Regulus of Antimony, i$c. See Antimony.

MARTIAL LAW, is the Law of War, depending up- on the King's pleafure, or his Lieutenant in Times of War: For the King, in Time of Peace, never makes any Laws, but by common Confent in Parliament 5 yet in War he ufeth abfolute Power : But even this Power hath been inverted of late Years in the King, or his Generals of the Army, by Act of Parliament, and under particular Reftrictions too. See Law.

MARTINGALE ; a Thong of Leather faften'd at one end to the Girths under the Belly of a Horfe, and at the other end to the Muffroll, to hinder him from rearing.

MARTLET 5 a Term in Heraldry for a Pigeon, with its Feet erafed, or torn off: It is ufed for the Difference »r Mark of Diftinction in an Efcutcheon for the fourth brother, or Family.

MARTYR, a Perfon who fuffers Torments, and even Death, in Defence of the Truth of the Gofpel. St. Ste- phen is call'd the Troto -Martyr; or firft Martyr. 19700 Per- fons are computed to have fuffer'd Martyrdom with St. Ire- js<<w at Lions, under the Empire of Severus. 6£66 Sol- diers of the Thebm Legion are faid to have been martyr d in Gaul. Father Fapehroch reckons itfcoo AbyjfmanMar- tyrs, and 1 50000 others under Diocleftan alone. Antiently thofe who were banifh'd for the Faith, were call'd Mar- tyrs, as well as thofe who perifh'd in the Holy Wars. In the Time of Si.Augt$in 3 the Title of Martyrs was given to Confeflbrs, or thofe who were tortured for the Faith without lofing their Lives. 'Tis Tertullian's Thought, in his Apologetic 5 P hires ejfemur, quoties metimttr $ Semen eft Sanguis Chriftiamis,

The Word Martyr is Greeh, A^p™?, and properly figni- fies a Witnefs. Thus it is apply'd, by way of Eminence, to thofe who fuffer in witnefs of the Truth of the Gofpel. In the antient- Church, the Acts, Sufferings, and Deaths

of the Martyrs were preferved with a world of Care 5 and. yet, maugre all this Diligence, we have but very little left of them. Eufeh'tttt indeed compofed a Martyrploeyj but it never reach'd down to us 5 and thofe fince com- piled, are extremely fufpected. See Marttrologv, Mr. Dodivell endeavours to prove, in a Diflertation exprefly for that purpofe, That the Number of Martyrs who fuf- fer'd under the Roman Emperors, was very moderate 5 alledging, That thofe we have Accounts of in the Fa- thers, come in a very fmall Compafs ; and that, except- ing Nero "and Domitian, the reft of the Emperors mads fcarce any. T. Ruinard, on the contrary, endeavours to prove, That the Catalogue of Martyrs is not at all fwel- led j That the Carnage was immenfe under the firft Em- perors, and efpecially in that of Diocleftan. F. Fapehroch i in his ABa SanBorutn, makes the Number of Martyrs infi- nite. Scarce any Faith or Religion, but pretends to its Martyrs. Tdahometans, Heathens, Idolaters, £5c. See Saints.

The Mrs. of Martyrs is an Mra. follow'd in Egypt and Abyfjinia 5 and which even the Mahometans, fince their be- coming Matters of JEgyft, frequently obferve. It is fix'd to the beginning of the Perlecution of Diocleftan, A. D. 502 or 303. The JEra of Martyrs is alfo call'd the ^Era of Diocleftan. See Epocha.

MARTYROLOGY, a Catalogue or Lift of Martyrs. A Martyrology, properly fpeaking, fhould contain no more than the Name, Place, and Day of Martyrdom of each Saint 5 but the! Term is frequently apply'd to the Hifto- ries of Martyrs. The Cufiom of collecting Martyrologies, is borrow'd from the Heathens, who inferted the Names of their Heroes into their Fafti, to preferve to Pofterity the Memory and Example of their noble Actions. Baro- iiius gives Pope Clement the Credit of being the firit who introduced the Cuftom of collecting the Acts of the Mar- tyrs. The Martyrology of Eufebms of Gefarea was the moft celebrated in the antient Church. It was tranflated into Latin by St.jjerom ; but the Learned agree, that it is not now extant. That attributed to Beda in the 8th Century, is of very doubtful Authority 5 the Names of feveral Saints being there found, who did not live till after the Time of Beda. The 9th Century was very fertile in Mar- tyrologies. Then appear'd that of Fiona, Sub-Deacon of the Church at Lions, who, however, only fill'd up the Chafms in Beda. This was publifh'd about the Year 83c. That of Wandelbertus t Monk of the Diocefe of Treves, written in Verfe about the Year 848. That of Ufitard, a French Monk, who wrote by Command of Charles the Bald, in 875; which laft is the Martyrology now ordinarily ufed in the Romijh Church. That of Raban, which is an Im- provement on Beda and Florus, written about the Year 845. That of Natfer, Monk of St. Gal, written about the Year 894. That of Adon, Monk of Ferrieres, in the Diocefe of Treves, afterwards Archbifhop of Vienna, is a Defcendant of the Roman, if we may fo call it 5 for Du Soliier gives its Genealogy thus : The Martyrology of St. Jerom is the great Roman, from this was made the little Roman, printed by Rofweyd. Of this little Roman, with that of Beda aug- mented by Flortts, Adon compiled his in the Year 858. The Martyr-logy of Nevelon, Monk of Corbie, written about the Year 1080, is little more than an Abridgment of that ofMon. Father Kircher makes mention of a Coptic Marty- rology, preferved by the Maronites at Rome. We have alfo feveral Proteftant Martyrologies, containing the Sufferings of the Reformed under the Papifts, viz. an Englift Martyro- logy, by 5- Fax ■> with others by Clark* Bray, &c. The Word comes from the Greek f^pTvp, Witnefs, and a £341, d'tco, I fpeak, or htyo, colligo, I gather.

Martyrology, is alfo ufed in the Romift Church for a Roll or Regifter kept in the "Veftry, containing the Names of all the Saints and Martyrs, both of the Uni- verfal Church, and of the Particular Ones of that City or Monaftery. The Word is alfo apply'd to the painted ot written Catalogues in Churches, containing the Founda- tions, Obits, Prayers, and Maffes, to be faid each Day,

St. MARY; a Name by which feveral Orders of Knighthood, feveral Orders of Religious, and feveral Feafts, are diftinguifh'd. As St. Mary of the Thistle, a Military Order. See Thistle. St. Mary of the Concep- tion, a Military Order. See Conception. St. Mary of the Elephant, a Military Order. See Elephant. St. Ma- ry andjefus, a Military Order. See Jesus. St. Mary of Loretto, % Military Order. SeeLoRKTTo. St, Mary of Mount Carmel, a Military Order. See Carmel. St. MaryJ of the Teutonics. See Teutonic, £5?c.

MASBOTHEAN, or Masbuthean : The Name of a Sect, or rather of two Sects ; for Ettfebius, or rather Fiegefipfus, whom he cites, makes mention of two diffe- rent Sects of Masbotheans. The firft are one of the feven Sects that arofe out of 'Judaifm, and proved very trou- blefome to the Qhurch. They were fo call'd from Maf- hotheas, their Author. The others were one of Ae feven Jewijb Sects before ths Coming of Jefus Chrift. For

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