Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/146

 MAR

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Mar

thicejfum in aheritts Trincipis Marchas feu Limites iranfewtdi, jibique Jus faciendi. See Reprisals.

MARQUETRY, in-laid Work; a Work compofed of feveral Pieces of hard, fine Wood of different Colours, faften'd, in thin Slices, on a Ground, and fometimes en- rich'd with other Matters, as Tortoife-ihell, Ivory, Tin, and Brafs. There is another kind of Marquetry made, in- itead of Wood, of Glafies of various Colours ; and ft third, where nothing but precious Stones, and the richeft Mar- bles, are ufed : but thefe are more properly called Mo- faic Work. See Mosaic.

The Art of Inlaying is very antient, and is fuppofed to have pafs'd from the Eaft to the Weft, as one of the Spoils brought by the Romans from Afta ; indeed it was then but a limple thing : nor did it arrive at any tolera- ble Perfection, till the fifteenth Century, among the Ita- lians ; it feems however to have arrived at its height in the ieventeenth Century among the French. Till John of Verona, a Cotemporary with Rtpbael, the fineft Works of this kind were only black and white, which are what we now call Morefco's; but that Religious, who had a Genius for Painting, ftain'd his Woods with Dyes or boiled Oils, which penetrated them. But he went no further, than the reprefenting Buildings and Perfpeflives, which require no great "Variety of Colours. Thofe who fuc- ceeded him, not only improved on the Invention of dying the Woods, by a Secret which they found of burning them without confuming, which ferved exceedingly well for the Shadows ; but had alfo the Advantage of a number of fine new Woods of naturally bright Colours, by the Difcovery of America. With thefe Affiflances the Art is now capable of imitating any things whence fome call it the Art of Painting in Wood.

The Ground whereon the Pieces are to be arranged and glued, is ordinarily of Oak or Fir well dried ; and to pre- vent warping, is compofed of feveral Pieces glued toge- ther. The Wood to be ufed being reduced into Leaves, of the Thicknefs of a Line, is either ftain'd with fome Colour, or made black for Shadow ; which fome effect, by putting it in Sand extremely heated over the fire, others by ftceping it in Lime- Water and Sublimate, and others in Oil of Sulphur. Thus colour'd, the Contours of the Pieces are form'd, according to the Parts of the Defign they are to reprefent. This laft is the moll difficult part of Marquetry, and that wherein moft Patience and Atten- tion are required. The two chief Inftruments ufed here- in, are the Saw and the Vice ; the one, to hold the Mat- ters to be form'd ; the other, to take off from the Ex- tremes, according to occafion. The Vice is of Wood, ha- ving one of its Chaps fix'd, the other moveable, and is open'd and /hut by the Foot, by means of a Cord faften'd to a Treadle. Its Structure is very ingenious, yet fimple enough, and will be eafily conceived from the Figure {Tab. Mifcellany,fig.i.) The Leaves to be form'd (for there are frequently three or four of the fame Kind form'd to- gether) are put within the Chaps of the Vice, after being glued on the ourermoft part of the Defign, whofe Pro- file they are to follow - ; then the Workman prefling the Treadle, and thus holding faft the Piece, with his Saw runs over all the Out-lines of the Defign. By thus join- ing and forming three or four Pieces together, they not only gain time, but the Matter is likewife the better ena- bled to fuftain the Effort of the Saw ; which, how deli- cate foever it may be, and how lightly foever the Work- man may conduct it, without fuch a Precaution, would be apt to raifc Splinters, to ruin the Beauty of the Work.

When the Marquetry is to confift of one fingle kind of Wood, or of Tortoife-fhell, on a Copper or Tin Ground, or vice verfa ; they only form two Leaves on one another, they call fawing in Counter-parts; for by filling the Va- cuities of one of the Leaves by the Pieces coming out of the other, the Metal may ferve as a Ground to the Wood, and the Wood to the Metal.
 * . e. a Leaf of Metal, and a Leaf of Wood or Shell : this

All the Pieces thus formed with the Saw, and marked, to know 'em again, and the Shadow given in the manner already mention'd, they vaneer or fatten each in its Place on the common Ground ; ufing for that purpofe the beft Englijlj Glue. The whole is put in a Prefs to dry, pla- ned over, and polifli'd with the Skin of the Sea-Dog, Wax, and Shave-Grafs, as in fimple Vaneering, which fee. With this Difference, however, that in Marquetry the fine Branches, and feveral of the more delicate Parts of the Figures, are touch'd up and finim'd with a Graver. °Tis the Cabinet-Makers, Joiners, and Toy- Men, among us, who work in Marquetry 3 'tis the Enamellers and Stone- cutters, who deal in Mofaic Work : the Inftruments ufed in the former are moftly the fame with thofe ufed by the Ebonifts. See Ebony. See alfo Mosaic. . MARQUETTE ; a Right or Due which the Women formerly paid to the King or Lord, to ranfom themfelves from an infamous Cuftora, which obliged them to pafs

the firft Night of their Nuptials with their Lords. This Eftabli/hment is attributed to King Malcolm or Malcolumbe 5 and was fupprefs'd by Malcolm III. Some derive the Word Marquette from Marc, becaufe the Fee of Marquette was half a Silver Marc.

MARQU1SS, properly fignifies a Title given to a Per- fon in poffeffion of a coniiderable Demefne, erected into a Marquifate by Letters Patents : holding a middle Place between the Dignity of a Duke, and that of an Earl or Count. Marqniffes were antiently Governours of Frontier Cities or Provinces, called Marches. See Nobility Peer

According to fome Authors, the Word Marquifs comes from the Marcomans, an antient People who inhabited the Marche of Brandenbourg. Others derive it from the Ger- man March, Limit; and others from Marcifia, which in the Celtic Language, fignify'd a Wing of Cavalry. Nicad de- rives it from the corrupt Greek vo/Mss^ct, Province. Alciat and Fauchet bring it from Mark, Hone, taking a Marquifs to be properly an Officer of Horfe. Menace derives ic from Marca, Frontiere ; and Selden, Krantzius and Hottoman do the fame. Laftly, Pafquier fetches the Etymology of Marquifs from the old French Marche, Limit, or from Marchier, to confine ; the Guard of the Frontiers being committed to them.

The word Marquifs is French ; the Romans were unac- quainted with it. In the Notitia Imperii they arc called Comites Limitanei. Alciat has ftarted a Queftion, whether a Marquifs or Count Ihould have the Precedence. To de- cide it, he goes back to the antient Function of Counts, and obferves, that Counts, who are Governours of Pro- vinces, are above Marquijfes, who are only Governours of Frontiers 5 and that Marquijfes, who are Governours of Frontier-Cities, are above Counts, who are Governours of fmall Towns, He adds, that in confequence of this Di- stinction, the Book of Fiefs fometimes places Marquiffes a- hove Counts, and fometimes Counts above Marqniffes. Froiffart obferves, that the Marquifat of Juliers was erected into a County. But now-a-days, neither Marquijfes nor Counts are any longer Governours ; and as they are mere Titles of Honour, the Counts make no fcruple of refign- ing the Precedency. King Richard the Second was the firft who introduced Marquijfes in England ; till that time, the Frontiers had been governed by Lords Marches. See Count, Dure, £i?c.

MARRIAGE, a Civil and Religious Contract, by which a Man is join'd and united to. a Woman. The Ef- fence of Marriage confifts in the mutual Confent of the Parties. Marriage is part of the Law of Nations, and is in ufe among all People. The Romanijls account it a Sa- crament. The Woman, with all her moveable Goods, immediately upon Marriage, pafies wholly in Fotejlatem Viri, into the Power and Difpofal of the Husband. See Wife, Affinity, Degree, i£c. Sanchez, Bona;ina 3 and Bower, have wrote on the Subject of Marriage.

In Germany they have a kind of Marriage call'd Marga- natic, wherein, a Man of Quality contracting with a Wo- man of inferior Rank, he gives her the left Hand in lieu of the right, and ftipulates in the Contract, that the Wife /hall continue in her former Rank or Condition, and that the Children born of them, be of the fame ; fo that they become Baftards as to Matters of Inheritance, tho legitimate in effect : They cannot bear the Name or Arms of the Family. None but Princes, and great Lords of Germany, are allow'd this kind of Marriage. The Uni- verfitie9 of Leipfic and Jena have declared againft the Validity of fuch Contrails, maintaining that they cannot prejudice the Children, efpecially when the Emperor's Confent intervenes in the Marriage.

The Turks have three Kinds of Marriages, and three Sorts of Wives; Legitimate, Wives in Kebim, and Slaves. They marry the firft, hire the fecond, and buy the third.

Duty of Marriage; a Term ufed in fome antient Cuftoms, fignifying an Obligation to Marriage. To un- derftand this, it mutt be obferved, that old Maids, and Widows above fixty, who held Fees in Body, or were charged with any Perfonal or Military Services,' were an- tiently obliged to marry, to render thofe Services to the Lord by their Husbands, or to indemnify the Lord, which they could not do in Perfon. And this was call'd, Duty or Service of Marriage.

The Roman Laws fpeak of fecond Marriages in very hard and odious Terms. Matre jam fecundis Nttptiis fanejtata^ L. 3. C. de fee. Nttptiis. By thefe Laws it was enacted, that the Effefls of the Husband or Wife deceafed ftiould pafs over to the Children, if the Survivor /hould marry a fecond time. By the Law Hac EditJali Cod. de fee. Nup. the Survivor, upon Marrying a fecond time, could not give the Perfon they married, a Portion more than equal to that of each of the Children. In the Primitive Church, the Refpect to Chaftity wascarry'd fohigh, that a fecond M m m m m m Mi •-