Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/121

 LUT

(470

LYM

one. ThisCuftom was eftabliflied by ServiusTullw in the Tear of Rome 1S0. Others rather derive the Word from luftrare^ to make a Review, becaufe once in five Years the Cenfors reviewed the Army,

Lujirum was alio a Ceremony or Sacrifice ufed by the Romans after numbering their People once in five Tears.

LUTE, inChymiftry, any fort of Cement or Plai- fter j us'd either in the Conduction of Furnaces, or in fit- ting to them Veflels of Glafs or Earth ; that are to refill a very violent Fire. It is frequently made of Potter's Earth, River Sand, HorfesDung, Powderof broken Pots, Caput Mortiitctn of Vitriol, Drofs of Iron, beaten Glafs, Rocks of Wool mix'd with fait Water or Bullock's Blood.

The Lute us'd by Lemery, was only two Parts of Sand and one of Clay, tempered together in Water 5 which does very well for joining the Nofes of Retorts and their Re- ceivers in diftilling of volatile Spirits, £-?c. In diftilling by the Alembic, or Vefica, or Copper Body, with its Head or Serpentine, a wet Bladder ferves very well to lute the Junctures of the Veffels : But for the Diftillation of cor- rofive Spirits, as alfo to {top the Cracks of Glaffes, &c. the following Compofition is recommended, viz. Starch boiled, or Fim-Glue diffolved in Spirit of Wine, with Flower of Sulphur, Maflic, and Lime flacked in Milk. Littum Sapientia is the Hermetical Seal, which is made by melting the End of a Glafs Mattrafs by a Lamp, and twilling it up with the Pliers. See Hermetical Scaling. The Word comes from the Latin Lutum, Clay.

LUTE, a Mufical Inflrument with Strings. It had an- ticntly but five Rows of Strings; but in courfe of time four, five, or fix more have been added. The Ltde con- fills of four principal Parts, the Table, the Body or Bel- ly, which has nine or ten Sides, the Neck, which has nine or ten Stops or Divifions mark'd with Strings, and the Head or Crofs, wherein are Screws for raifing or lowering the Strings to the proper Tone. In the middle of the Tabic is a Rofe or Paffagefor the Sound. There is alfo a Bridge that the Strings are fattened to, and a Piece of Ivory between the Head and the Neck, to which the other Extremity of the Strings are fitted. In playing, the Strings are {truck with the right Hand, and with the left the Stops are preffed. We call Temperament of the Lute the proper Alteration that is to be made in the Intervals, both with regard to Confonances and Djffonan- ces, in order to render them more juft on the Inftru- menr. Some derive the word from the German Laute, which fignifes the fame thing, or from lauteu, fonare. Scaliger and Bovbart derive it from the Arabic-, AUaud. The Lutes of Boulogne are efteem'd the belt, on account of the Wood, which is faid to have an uncommon Difpofition for producing a fweet Sound.

LUTHERANISM, the Sentiments of Dr. Martin Lu- ther, with regard to Religion. Lutberanifm had its Rife in the 16th Century. Its Author was born at Eifleben in Tburingia in 1483. Afier his Studies he enter'd him- felf among the Ai<guftines. In 1512, took the Cap of a Doctor in Theology in the Univerfity of Wittemburg. In i5t<J, he attack'd the School-Divinity in feveral Thcfes. In 1 517, Leo X. having oider'd Indulgences to be dif- pens'd to thofc who fhould contribute towards the build- ing of St. Peter's at Rome, he gave a Commiffion thereof to the Dominicans. The Augttjiines thinking they had a Title to it before any body elfe, John Staupitz, their CommifTary-General, appointed Luther to preach againft thofe Difpenfers of Indulgences. Luther acquitted him- felfin a manner that perhaps the Commiffary had not imagin'd. From the Preachers of Indulgences he pro- ceeded to Indulgences themfelves, and declaim'd very warmly both againft the one and the other. At firft he only advane'd ambiguous Proportions, but being engag'd in difpute about them, he maintain'd them openly and without Rcferve, infomuch that in 1510 he was folemnly condemn'd and excommunicated by the Pope. But neither the Pope's Thunder, nor the Condemnation of feveral Univernties, could make any Impreffion of Terror upon him ; but he continued preaching, writing and difputing, not againft Indulgences only, but feveral other Corruptions that then prcvail'd in the Church. The Character of the Man, the Strength of his Arguments, and the Weaknefs of his Adverfarics Caufe, foon procur'd him a Number of Followers. And thus it was that Lutheranifm was form'd ; the Adherents whereto were call'd Lutherans, from Luther, a Name that has a Greek Turn, and which he affum'd in lieu of his Family-Name, Latter or Lau- tber$ it being the Cuttom of thofe Days for Men of Learning to give themfelves Greek Names : witnefs E- rafmus, MelanBbon, Bucer, Sic. In 1523, Luther quitted the Habit of a Religious, and in 1524, married ; after ha- ving been a happy Inflrument of reforming a great part of Germany, under the Protection of George Duke of Saxony. He died at his native Place in 1541?.

Lutheranifm has undergone fome Alterations fince tfie time of its Founder. Luther rejected the EpiiHe of St. James, as inconfiilent with the Doctrine of St. Faitl in re- lation to Juftification 5 he alfo fet aiide the Apocalypje ; both which are now receiv'd as Canonical in the Lutbcrart Church. Luther firft redue'd the Number of Sacraments to two, -viz. Baptifm and the Eucharift j but belicv'd the Impanation or Confubftantiation : that is, that the Matter of the Bread and Wine remain with the Body and Blood of Chrift ; and 'tis in this Article that the main Difference between the Lutheran and Englijh Churches confifts. Lu- ther maintain'd the Mafs to be no Sacrifice ; exploded the Adoration of the Hoft, Auricular Confemon, Satisfactory Works, Indulgences, Purgatory, the Wor/hip of Images, $S>c. which had been introdue'd in the corrupt Times of the Romifi Church. He alfo oppos'd the Doctrine of Free Will, maintain'd Predeilination, afferted that we are neceflitated in all we do, that all our Actions done in a State of Sin, and even the "Virtues themfelves, of Heathens, are Crimes 5 that we are only juftify'd by rhe Imputation of the Merits and Satisfaction of Chrift. He alfo oppos'd the Fallings in the Romife Church, Monaftical Vows, the Celibate of the Clergy, l£c.

Some Authors reckon thirty-nine different Se£t.s among the Lutherans : viz. the ConfeJJiomjls, call'd alfo Mricains j Antinomians, Samofatenfss, Infera'tns, Antidiaphorifts, Ami- fzvenfeldians, Amojandrins, Anticahinifis, Layers on ofHands t BiJJacramemah, TriJ/acramentals, Majonites, Adiaphorijls, Qua- drifacramentals, Lttthero-Cahinifis, Amnetijies, Medio[andrim % Conjeffonijis jirm and wavering, Sufeldians, Gnandrins, Sta~ manrians, Antifancarians, Zu'tnglians fimple, Zuin^liam Jig- nifcative, Carlojlatians, Evargic Tropins, Arrahonarii J'piti- tual, Sxcefeldians, Servetians, Daviticks or Davidi-Georgiant, Memmmtes, &c. jot-et T. 1. p.475.

LUTHERN, or Dormer, a kind of Window over the Cornice, in the Roof of a Building, {landing perpendicu- larly over the Naked of theWall 5 and ferving to illumine the Upper-Story. The French Architects diftingu:-fh thefe into various kinds, according to their various Forms ; as Square, Semicircular, Bulls Eyes, flat Arches, Flemijh Lutbems, &c. The Word comes from the Latin Lncerna^ Light or Lanthorn,

LUXATION, in Chirurgery, a Relaxation of the Tendons or Ligaments, occasioning the Bones to flip out of their Junctures, or at leaft to remain very loofely in their natural Situation. The proper Luxation is when the Bone is entirely out of the Cavity it /hould move in 5 which may be done various ways, and there are as many ways of reducing it ;^ according to the particular Formation and Articulation of the Joint : for which, fee the Books of Practical Surgery.

LYCANTHROPY, a kind of Phrenzy or Difeafe, that urges People to run thro the Streets and Fields in the Night j arifing from the Bite of a mad Wolf. The Symptoms, &c. are in moll refpects the fame with that of the Hydrophobia ; which {ee. The Word comes from the Greek ai/x©-, Lupus, and <&0£?t©-, Homo 5 as who ihould fay, Man-Wolf.

LYCEUM, the Name of a celebrated School at A- ibtns, where Arijiotle explain'd his Philofophy. The Place was compos'd of Portico's, and Trees planted in the Fi- gure of an V. Hence the Philofophy of the Lyceum is> us'd to fignify the Philofophy of Arijiotle, or the Peripa- tetic Philofophy.

Suidas obferves, that the Place took its Name from its having been originally a Temple of Apollo, or rather a Portico or Gallery built by Lycus, Son of Apollo j but others mention it to have been built by Tijijhatus or Fe- ricles.

LYGMOS. See Hiccup.

LYMPH or LYMPHA, in Anatomy, a thin tranfpa- rent Humour, fomething like Water 5 fecreted from the Serum of the Blood in all Parts of the Body, and re- ^

turn'd to the Blood again by proper Ducts of its own ; fuppofed by fome to be the immediate Matter of Nutri- tion. If the Lymph be chymically examin'd, it will be found to contain a great deal of volatile, but no fix'd Salt, fome Phlegm, fome Sulphur, and a little Earth.

The Ufe of the Lymph may be gather'd from the Con- federation of the Parts into which it difchargeth itfelf. Thar which comes from the Head, Neck, and Arms, is thrown into the Jugular and Subclavian Veins. All the Lymphatics, which the Paris in the Cavity in the Thorax ' fend out, empty themfelves into the Thoracic Duct j and the Lympha, from all the reli of the Body, flows to the common Receptacle j fo that there can be no doubt, but that its chief Ufe is to dilute and petfect the Chyle be- fore it mixes wirh the Blood.

LYMPHATICS, or LYMPH&DUCTS 5 very fmall, fine, hollow Veffels, generally arifing from the Glands and conveying back to the Blood a tranfparent Liquor, call'd Zyntpb or Lympha, Thefe, tho not fo vjfibie as the

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