Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/120

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one another by Interfiles, which receive the Vef- fels j and are filled up with Membranes propagated from the Lobules, and lying, fome parallel, fome angular. Thefe Lobules difcover and difplay themfelves very ex- actly, if the larger Trunks of the Bronchia be laid open, and the lefler blown into; by which means every Lobule belonging to that Branch will be inflated, and rife very diflinctly, and ihew its Extent.

The whole Subftance ofthe.L«Kgj is covered with -a common Membrane, which is divifible into two Coats j the outer thin, fmooth, and nervous; the inner fomewhat thicker and rougher, confining moflly of the Extremi- ties oPVeffels and Veficles, through the Impreffion of which it is pitted, and rcfembles in fome meafure a Ho- ney-Comb. Some affirm that in this Coat are abundance of Perforations or Pores, fo difpofed that they readily imbibe any Humidity from the Cavity of the Thorax, but fuffer nothing to efcape into it : but this feems little more than Fancy.

The Veffels of the -Lk^j are the Bronchia, the Pulmo- nary and Bronchial Arteries and "Veins, Nerves and Lym- phatics. Of thefe Veffels fome are proper and fome com- mon, in refpect of the Service they are of to the reft of the Body. The common arc tht Bronchia, the Pulmonary Artery and Vein, the Nerves and Lymphatics 5 the proper are the Bronchial Artery and Vein. See each in its place. The Trachea, jufl before it enters the Lungs, divides it- felf into two Branches, fending to each Lobe one; which are again fubdivided into innumerable Ramifications, call'd Bronchia. The Bronchia and their Branches confift .of Cartilages like the Trachea, only here the Cartilages are perfectly ^ circular, without any membranous hinder Part; of which, having left the Oefophagus, they have no need. Thefe circular Cartilages are joined together by the Membranes that inveft them, and are capable of be- ing /hot out into Length upon Infpiration, and of Shrink- ing upand running into one another in Expiration, when the Cavity of the Thorax is leifened. They fend their little Ramifications to all the little Veficles of the Lungs. Along with thefe Air-Velfels run the Branches of the Pul- monary Artery and Vein; fending their Ramifications ex- actly along with the other; the Artery bringing the Blood from the right Ventricle, and the Vein carrying it back to the left Ventricle of the Heart. Whether the Blood returns by the Vein impregnated with Air in the Lungs, is flill a Queflion.

The Bronchial Artery arifes from the hind Part of the Aorta, a little above the Bafis of the Heart, whence, turning off to the right, it embraces the Trachea •> and after fending off a Branch or two to the Oefophagus, purfues the Courfe of the Bronchia, accompanying all their Branches through their whole Progrefs. This Artery is fometimes fingle, but oftener there are two of them, and fome- times three, arifing at near a Finger's breadth from each other. With thefe Arteries is a Vein, whofe Branches arife from the Ramifications of the capillary Arteries : whether the Blood returns by one or more Trunks, does not appear. Thefe Veffels bring Blood for the Nutriment of the Bronchia and Veficles of the Lungs, and carry it back again.

Thro' the Lungs are distributed a great Number of Lymphatics, attending generally the Blood-Veffcls 5 and being at length collected, difcharge themfelves into the Thoracic Duct.

Dr. Willis, contrary to the common Opinion, afcribes to the Langs a great Number of Nerves, which come from the Trunk of the Tar Vagtim 5 and which being diftributed fhro' the Subflance of the Lungs, embrace the aerious and fanguiferous Veff-ls. He alfo afferts, that the Veji- cuU have mufculous Fibres, to enable them to exert a greater contractive Force in Expiration 5 tho' others de- ny any fuch Fibres. Diemerbroeck obferves, that the Ve- » ficles admit not only of Air, but alfo of other grofTer

Matters 5 and inftances two Afthmatic Perfons which he opened, the one a Stone-Cutter, the VeficvU of whofe Lungs were fo Huffed with Duit, that, in cutting, his Knife went as if thro' a Heap of San.l; the other a Feather- Driver, in whom the Veficles were full of the fine Duft or Down of Feathers. For the Ufe and Action of the Lungs, fee Rejpiration, Voice, &C.

LUNISOLAR, in Aflronomy and Chronology, is un- derwood of fomething compofed of the Revolution of the Sun, and of that of the Moon. Thus we fay the Lu- nifolar Year; which is a Period of Years made by multi- plying the Cycle of the Moon, which is 19,' by that of the Sun, which is 28, the Product of which is 532; in which Space of Time thofe two Luminaries return to the fame Points

LUPERCALIA, Feafts inftituted in antient Rome in Honour of the God Pan. The Lupercalia were celebrated on the 1 5 th of the Calends of March, that is, on the 1 5 th «f February) or, as Ovid obferves, on the third Day after

(475)

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the Ides. They are fuppofed to have been eflabli/hed by Evander On the Morning of this Feaft the Luferci or Priefts of Tan, run naked thro' the Streets of Rome, ftroak- mg the Women they met on the Hands and Belly with the Skin of a Goat, and promifing them Fecundity and happy Deliveries. The Reafon of this indecent Cuftom in cele- brating the Lufercaha, took its Rife from Romulus and Remus i for while they were afliiting at this Feaft a Body of Robbers, taking hold of the Occafion, plundered them of their Flocks. Upon this the two Brothers and all the Youth that was with them, throwing off' their Clothes, to be the more expedite, purfued the Thieves and recovered their Prey. This fucceeded fo well, that thenceforward this Ceremony became a part of the Lufer- calia. This Feaft was abolifhed in the time of Aupfius, but afterwards reftored, and continued to the Time' of the Emperor Anafiafitts. Baronim fays, it was abo- lilhed by the Pope in w6. Natalts Came: calls likewife Ltfercaba the Feafts celebrated in antient Greece, under the Name of Lycxa, which fee. The Word comes from Lufercal, the Name of a Place under the Palatine Moun- tain, where theSacrifices were performed.

LUPERCI, the Name given to the Priefts of the God Pan. The Luferci were the moll antient Order of Priefts in Rome; they were divided into two Colleges or Compa- nies, the one called Falius, and the other Qmntllms. To thefe Ctfar added a third, which he call'dlwiaj. Sueto- nius mentions the Inftitution of this new College of Lu- ferci, as a thing that render'd Ctfar more odious than he was; however, it appears from the fame Paffage of Sue- tonius, that this new Company was not inftituted by Ctfar, nor in Honour of Fan, but by fome Friends of Cxfar, and in Honour of himfelf.

LUPUS, the Wolf, a Southern Conftellation, confiftinff of ly Stars. See Star.;

LUSTRAL, an Epithet applied by the Antients to the Water ufed in their Ceremonies to fprinkle and purify the People. From them the Romanifls have borrowed the Holy Water ufed in their Churches. The Antients call'd Dies Luftricus, or Luftral Day, that whereon the Luttra- tionswere performed for a Child, and its Name given j which was the ninth Day from the Birth of a Boy, and the eighth from that of a Girl. Others performed the Ce- remony on the laft Day of that Week wherein the Child was born, and others on the fifth Day from its Birth, Over this Feaft-Day the Goddefs Nundma was fuppofed to prefide. The Midwives, Nurfes, and Domeftics handed the Child backwards and forwards around a Fire burning on the Altars of the Gods, after which they fprinkled it with Water. The old Women mixed Salitia and Duft with the Water. The whole ended with a fumptuous Entertainment.

LUSTRATION; Expiation, Sacrifices, or Ceremonies s by which the Romans purified their Cities, Fields, Armies, or People defiled by any Crime or Impurity. Some of their Zuftrations were publick, others private. They had a kind of Luflration, without Victims, for Children, on the eighth Day for Girls, and on the ninth for Boys. Luftra- rwzwasthe fame thing with Purification. There were three different Species of it, or it was performed in three different Manners, by Fire and Sulphur, by Water, and by Air; which laft was performed by fanning and agi- tating the Air round the thing to be purified.

LUSTRE, the Brillant appearing on any thing, parti- cularly Manufaflures of Silk, Wooll, and Stuff. Lufire is alfo ufed for the Compofition or Manner of giving that Brillant. The Lufire of Silks, which is their chief Qua- lity, is given them by warning in Soap, then clear Water, and laying them in a cold Alumn Bath. The Lufire of black Taffeta is given by double-brewed Beer, boiled with Orange or Lemon Juice; that of coloured Taffeta's with Water of Gourds, diftillcd in an Alembic. Curriers give their Lujire feveral ways, according to the Colour to be illuftrated : For Blacks, the firft Lufire is with Juice of Barberries j the fecond with Gum Arabic, Ale, Vinegar, and Flanders Glue boiled together : Forcolour'd Leathers, they ufe the White of an Egg beaten in Water j' Morocco's have their Lufire ironi Juice of Barberries, and Lemon or Orange : lor Hats, the Lufire is frequently given with fimple Water, fometimes a little black Teint is added. The fame Lufire ferves the Skinners, except that in white Furs they never ufe any black Dye. For very black Furs they fometimes prepare a Lufire of Galls, Copperas, Roman Alumn, Ox's Marrow, and other Ingredients. The Lufire is given to Cloths and Mohairs by prefling them under the Calendar.

LUSTRUM, a Term ufed by the Romans to fignify * Space of five Years. Varro derives the Word from luo, to pay, becaufe at the beginning of each five Years they paid the Tribute that had been impofed by the Cenfors; whofe Authority, at their firft Inftitution, was continued them for five Years; tho' afterwards it was abridged to