Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/119

 LUM

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LUN

in common with Marcion and the other Gnoflics. He de- nied the Immortality of the Soul; afferting it to be ma- terial.

There was another Sect of Lucianifis, who appear d fome time after the Arians. They taught, that the Fa- ther had been a Father always, and that he had the Name even before he had begotten the Son ; as haying in him the Power or Faculty of Generation : And in this manner accounted for the Eternity of the Son.

LUCID INTERVALS, the Fits or Paroxifms of Ma- niacs, wherein the Phrenzy leaves them in poffeflion of their Reafon. 'Tis faid they are capable of making a Will in their Lucid Intervals.

LUCIDA CORONA, a fix'd Star of the fecond Mag- nitude in the Northern Garland. See Star.

LUCIDA LYRA, a bright Star of the firft Magnitude in the Conftellation Lyra. See Star.

LUCIFERIAN, the Name of a Sett, who adhered to the Schifm of Lucifer de Cagliari, in the foutth Century. St. Augujlin feems to intimate, that they believed the Soul tranfmitted to the Children by their Fathers. The- odore! fays, that Lucifer was the Author of a new Error. The Lucifertans increafed mightily in Gaul, Spain, Egypt, 8sc. The Occafion of this Schifm was, that Lucifer would not allow any Acts he had done to be abolifhed. There were but few Luciferian Eifhops, but a great Num- ber of Priefts and Deacons. The Luciferians bore a very flrong Averfion to the Arians.

LUES properly dignifies a Plague or Contagion, tho' according to the modern Ufe of the Word, efpecially when joined with Gallica, or Venerea, it is retrained only 50 the French Pox. See Venereal Difeafe.

LUFF, a Sea-Term, the fame with Loof, which fee.

LUMBAGO, Pains very troublefome about the Loins and the Small of the Back, fuch as precede Ague-Fits and Fevers. They arife commonly from Fullnefs and Acrimony ; in common with a Difpofition to Yawn- ings, Shuddering, and erratick Pains in other Parts ; and go off with Evacuation, generally by Sweat, and other cri- tical Difcharges of Fevers.

LUMBARES, an Epithet given to thofe Branches of the Arteria Aorta, which carry the Blood to the Muf- cles of the Loins. The Term is alfo applied to certain Veins, which bring back the Blood from the Loins into the Trunk of the Vena Cava. There is alfo a Mufde of the Thigh that bears this Name. See Pfoas.

Lumbares Glandule. See LaBeal Veins.

LumbaresVemtiS Arteri*, feveral fo called, while in their Paffage thro' the Loins ; from Lumbus, Loins.

LUMBRICAL, an Epithet which the Phyficians give to four Mufcles, that ferve to move the Fingers. They are call'd Lumbricales, or Vermiformes, from the Refem- blance they bear to Worms. There is a like Number in the Feet. ... ,

Lumbricales Mufculi, (called alfo Vermtculares, in regard of the refembiance they bear to Worms by their Small- nefs and Shape) are Mufcles of the Hands, common- ly fuppofed to be nothing but Branches of the Ten- dons of the Perforans, which go to the Infide of the fart Bone on each Finger, and are fuppofed to con- tribute to the Variety of Motions with the Fingers, by giving a Diverfion to the direct Actions of the other Muf- cles ; but fimply, they only ferve to draw the Fingers towards the Thumb. Mr. Covjper indeed obferves, that fome of them have diftinS Origins ; and fufpeSs that the reft may have fo too, and therefore makes them di- ftinft Mufcles.

There are alfo Lumbricales of the Foot, which aril e as in the Hand, one from each Tendon of the Ferforans or Profundus, and go to the Infide of each of the lefler Toes.

LUNA, in the Jargon of the Chymifts, lignifies Sil- ver ; from the fuppofed Influence of that Planet (the Moon) thereupon. The Medicinal Virtues of this Metal, Dr. Quincy fays, are none at all, until it hath undergone very elaborate Preparations. See Silver.

LUNAR, fomething belonging to the Moon. Lunar Periodical Months confiit of 27 Days and a few Hours ; Lu- nar Synoiical Months of 29 Days, 12 Hours, and three quar- ters of an Hour. See Month. Lunar Tears confift of 354 Days, or ii Synodical Months. In the firft Ages the Year accounted by all Nations was Lunar ; the Variety in Courfe being more frequent in this Planet, and of confequence more confpicuous, and better known to Men than thofe of any others. The Romans regulated their Year, in part, by the Moon till the time of Cxfar. See Tear. The5ea»too had their Lunar Months. Some Rabbins pretend that the Lunar Month did not commence till the moment the M«on beean to appear, and that there was a Law, which obliged the Perfon who difcovcrcd it, firft, to go and inform the Senate thereof. Upon which, the Frcfident folemnly pronounced the Month began, and Notice wss givsn of it

to the People by Fires lighted on the Tops of Mountains. But this looks fomewhat chimerical.

LUNATIC, fomething affected or governed by the Moon. Hence mad People are called Lunatics, it having antiently been an Opinion, that fuch Perfons were much influenced by that Planet. A much founder Fhilofo- phy hath taught us, that there is fomething in it ; but not in the manner the Antients imagined ; nor otherwife than what it has in common with other heavenly Bodies, occafioning various Alterations in the Gravity of our At- mofphere, and thereby affecting human Bodies. See Co- met, Planet, &c. See alfo Tides.

LUNATION, a Revolution of the Moon, or the Time between one New Moon and another ; which is called a Synodical Month, confifting of 20 Days, 12 Hours, and three quarters of an Hour. At the end of 19 Years the fame Lunations always return, on the fame Day, but not at the fame precifeTime of the Day ; there being a Dif- ference of one Hour, 27 Minutes, and 33 Seconds. Here- in the Antients were miftaken, taking the Ufe of the Golden Number to be more fure and infallible than it is. It has been found fince, that in 312 Years and an half the Lunations gained a Day on the beginning of the Month 5 fo that when they came to reform the Calen- dar, the Lunations happened in the Heavens four or five Days fooner than was fhewn by the Golden Number. To remedy which, we now make ufe of the perpetual Cycle of Epacts. We take 19 Epacts, which anfwer to a Cycle of 19 Years 5 and when at the end of 30c Years the Moon has gain'd a Day, wc take 19 other Epacfs : which is alfo done, when by the Omiffion of an Intercalary Day, which happens three times in 400 Years, the Calendar is adjufted to the Sun. Care is taken that the Index of the Epacls muft never be changed, excepting at the Conclu- fion of a Century, when there is occafion for it, on account of the Metemptoiis or Proemptofis ; that is, of the Lunar or Solar Equation. When the Biffextile or Intercalary Day is fupprefs'd without a Lunar Equation, the next fol- lowing or lower Index is taken, as was done in 1700. When there is a Lunar Equarion without fuppreffing the Biflextile, the next preceding or higher Index is taken ? as will be done in 2400. When there is both an Equation and a Suppreffion, as in 1800 5 or neither the one nor the other, as in 2000 5 the fame Index is retain'd. See Month, Moon, &c,

LUNE, or Lunula, in Geometry, a Plane, in figure of a Crefcent or Half Moon, terminated by the Circumfe- rence of two Circles that interfect each other within.

Tho the Quadrature of the intire Circle was never yet effected, yet the Geometricians have found out the Squares of many of its Parts. The firft partial Quadrature was that of the Lunula, given by Hippocrates o{ Scio, who of a fhipwrecked Merchant commenced Geometrician. Let A E B (T.ib.Geometry,FigS.) be aSemicircle.ar.d GG=GBj with the Radius B C defcribe a Quadrant A F B ; then will A E B F A be HipPocrates's Lune. And fince B C * = 2 G B *, the Quadrant A G B C will be equal to the Semicircle A E B j taking away therefore from each the common Segment AFGA; AEBFA = to the Triangle A C B sss G B •.

LUNETTES, in Fortification, are Enveloppes, Coun- terguards, or Mounts of Earth caft up before the Curtain, about five Fathom in breadth. They are ufually made in Ditches full of Water, and ferve to the fame purpofe as Falfe Braies. Thefe Lunettes are compofed of two Fa- ces, which form a re-entering Angle ; and their Platform being only twelve foot wide, is a little raifed above the Level of the Water ; and hath a Parapet three Fathom thick.

LUNGS, a Part in the Human Body, confifting of Veffels and membranous Veficles ; and ferving for Refpi- ration. The Lungs are connected, above, to the Fauces, by means of the Trachea ', and below, to the Vertebra of the Thorax 5 and to the Sternum and Diaphragma by means of the Pleura. They are divided into two great Lobes by thoMediaJlinum, and thofe again into others lefler 5 the right fometimes into three or four, by means of fome Fiffures running from the fore to the back Edge. The great Lobes, when inflated, rcfemble each of them a Horfe's Hoof in Figure, but together they are liker an Ox's inverted.

The Subftance of the Lungs is membranous, confifting chiefly of innumerable Cells or Veficles ; which feem to be nothing but Expanfions of the Membranes of the Bron- chia, to which they hang like Grapes in Clufters ; fo that by blowing into one of the Branches of the Bronchia, thofe Cells or Veficles belonging to it are blown up ; the reft, which do not, remaining ftill flaccid and unaltered.

Thefe Clufters of Veficles or Cells are called the Inter- nal Lobules, by which Name they are diftinguifhed from the leffer Lobes fpoken of. They are feparated from

one