Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/117

 LON

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LOR

To find the Longitude or Latitude of any Stir by the Globe : Bring the SoltHtial Colure to the Brafs Meridian, and there fix the Globe j then will the Pole of the E- cliptic be tuft under 23 deg. 50 min. accounted from the Pole above the Horizon, and on the fame Meridian : There fcrew the Quadrant of Altitude, bring its graduated Edge to the Star* and there Hay it ; thus the Quadrant will cut the Ecliptic in the Star's Longitude, as alfo its Latitude reckoned on the Quadrant, from the Ecliptic. SccGlobe.

Longitude of Motion, is a Term ufed by Dr. JValUs in his Mechanics, for the Meafure of Motion eitimated ac- cording to the Line of Direction ; fo that it is the Di- ftance, or Length, which the Center of any moving Body runs thro, as it moves on in a Right Line. And he calls the Meafure of any Motion, estimated according to a Right Line or Line of Direction of the Vis Matrix, the Altitude of if.

Bellini alfo ufeth this Term of Longitude and Altitude in the fame Senfe in many Places of his Writings, and which an ordinary Reader finds hard to understand for want of this Interpretation. By Altitude alfo, in his 19th Proposition de Fehribas t he means the Thicknefs of the vifcid Matter in the Blood-Veffels j or the greateft Length a vifcid Particle is extended into from the fide of the Canal to its Axis.

LONGITUDINAL, according to the Etymology of the Word, Signifies fomething extended length-wife. Thus in Anatomy it is ufed to fignify fome Part or Member running in length, or pofited length-wife. The Mem- branes that compofe the Veffels are woven out of two kinds of Fibres, the one Longitudinal ', and the other Cir- cular, cutting the Longitudinal at Right Angles. The Longitudinal are tendinous and elaltic ; the Circular, muf- culous and motrices, like Sphincters.

LON'GUS COLLI, a Mufcle which arifes chiefly fle/hy, tho partly tendinous, from the fore-part of the five upper Vertebra; of the Back, and is inferted into the fore-part of every Vertebra of the Neck. Its Ufe is to bend the Neck forward.

LON.GUS CUBITI, a Mufcle, that, m conjunaion with others, extends the Cubitus ; It arifeth from the in- ferior Cofla of the Scapula, nigh its Neck, and paffeth betwixt the two round Mufcles. It defcends on the back- fide of the Humerus, where it joins with the Brevis and Bracbiitui externus.

LONGUS FEMORIS, in Anatomy. See Sartorius.

LOOF, or, as they ufually pronounce it, Luff, isaTerm ufed in Conding of a Ship : Thus, Loof up, is to bid the Steerf-man keep nearer to the Wind : To loof into an Harbour, is to fail into it clofc by the Wind : To /firing the Luff, is when a Ship, that before was going large be- fore the Wind, is brought clofe by the Wind. When a Ship fails on a Wind, that is, on a Quarter- Wind, they fay to the Steerf-man, Keep your Luff! Veer no more ! Keep her to ! Touch tbe Wind! Have a care of the Lee-Latch ! All which Words fignify much the fame thing, and bid the Man at Helm to keep the Ship near the Wind.

Loof of a Ship, is that part of her aloft, which lies jufr. before the Chefs-Trees ; and hence the Guns, which lie here, are called her Lonf Pieces.

LOOKING-GLASS, a plain Glafs, Speculum, or Mirror, which being impervious to the Light, reflects its Rays, and fo exhibits the Images of Objects placed be- fore it.

The Theory of Loohing~GhJJks > and the Laws whereby they give the Appearances of Bodies, fee under Mirror.

The Manner of grinding and preparing the Looking- Glaf- fes is as follows : A Plate of Glafs is fixed to a hori- zontal Table, and to another lefs Table is fixed an- other Plate, over the hind Part of which is added a Box loaded with Stones and other Weights. Over the firft Plate is fprinkled fine Sand and Water in a fufficient Quantity for the Grinding, and the fecond or lefs Plate is laid on it, and thus worked this and that way, till each has planed the others Surface. As they begin to grow fmoother, finer Sand is ufed, and at laft Powder of Smelt. Being thus fit for polifhing, a wooden Parallelopiped, lined •with Tripoli Earth, or burnt Tin, tempered with Water, is laid on the Plate, and worked to and again, till the Glafs have got a perfect Politure.

s Tis found extremely difficult to bring the Glafs to a perfect Plainnefs. Hevelius judges more Art required to bring a Glafs to an exact Plane than to a Sphere. For po- lifhing large Plates of Glafs, they have a Machine for the purpofe.

The Plates being thus polifhed, a thin blotting Paper is fpread on a Table, and fprinkled with fine Chalk ; and this done, over the Paper is laid a thin Lamina, or Leaf of Tin, on which is poured Mercury, which is to be equal- ly distributed over the Leaf, with a Hare's Foot or Cot- ton. Over the Leaf is laid a clean Paper, and over that

the Glafs-Plate. With the left Hand the Glafs Plate is preifed down, and with the right the Paper is gently drawn out ; which done, the Plate is covered with a thicker Paper, and loaden with a greater Weight, that the fuperfluous Mercury may be driven out, and the Tin adhere more clofely to the Glafs. When it is dried, the Weight is removed, and the Loohng-Glajs is compleat.

Some add an Ounce of Mercury to half an Ounce of Marchafite, melted by the Fire ; and left the Mercury evaporate in Smoke, pour it into cold Water, and, when cold, fqueezc it thro' a Cloth or Leather. Some alfo add a Quarter of an Ounce of Lead and Tin to the Mar- chafite, that the Glafs may dry the fooner.

LOOM, the Weaver's Frame ; a Machine whereby fe- veral distinct Threads are wove into one Piece. Looms are of various Structures, accommodated to the various Kinds of Materials to be wove, and the various Manners of weaving them ; viz- for Woollens, Silks, Linnens, Cot- tons, Cloths of Gold ; and other Works, as Tapeltry, Ribbands, Stockings, t£c. Moil of which will be found under their proper Heads.

LOOP-HOLES, in the Sea-Language, are Holes made in the Comings of the Hatches or Ships, and in their Bulk-heads to fire Muskets thro in a clofe Fight. And the fame are they in the Covert Defences of all Fortifi- cations.

LORD, (from a Saxon Original, fignifying a Bread- Giver, Bountiful or Hofpitable) is a Title of Honour va- riouily applied amonglt us ; being fometirr.es attributed to thofe who are noble by Birth or Creation, otherw-ifc call'd Lords of Parliament, and Peers of the Realm ; fometimes to thofe fo call'd by the Courtefy of England, as all Sons of a Duke and Marquifs, and the eldelt Son of an Earl: fometimes to Perfons honourable by Office, as Lord Chief ^ujiice, &c. And fometimes to an inferior Perfon that has Fee, and confequently the Homage of Tenants within his Mannor ; for by his Tenants he is call'd Lord, and in fome Places, for distinction fake. Land-lord. *Tis in this lait Signification that the word Lord is principally ufed in our Law-Books j where it is divided into Lord 'Paramount and Lord Mefn: LordMefn is he that is Owner of a Mannor, and by virtue thereof hath Tenants holding of him in Fee, and by Copy of Court-Roll j and yet holds, himfelf, of a fuperior Lord, call'd Lord Paramount, or above him. We alio read of Very Lord and Very Tenant ; Very Lord is he who is im- mediate Lord to his Tenant ; and Very Tenant, he who holds immediately of that Lord: fo that where there is Lord Paramount, Lord Mefn, and Tenant 5 the Lord Para- mount is not Very Lord to the Tenant. He is alfo call'd Lord in Grofs.

Lord-High-Admiral of England, is one of the great Of- ficers of the Crown, whofe Truft and Honour is fo great, that it has feldom been given, excepting to fome of the King's younger Sons or near Kinfmen. To him is, by the King, intruded the Management of all maritime Affairs, as well in refpecF of Jurifdiclion as Protection. He is that high Officer or Magistrate, to whom is committed the Government of the britife Navy, with Power to de- cide all Controversies, and Caufes Maritime, as well Ci- vil as Criminal, for which there is a peculiar Court; fuch as happen either on our own CoaSts, or beyond Sea, a- mongSl his Majesty's Subjects : and of fuch Wrecks and Prizes, as are called Lagov, *jetfon, and Flotfon ; that is, Goods lying in the Sea floating, or caft on Shore, except- ing in fuch Royalties as are granted to other Lords of the Mannor, tic. All great Fifhes, call'd Royal Fife, except Whales and Sturgeon : A Share of Prizes in time of War, and the Goods of Pirates and Felons condemned. The Lord-High- Admiral hath under him many Officers of high and low Condition ; fome at Sea, others at Land ; fome of a Military, others of a Civil Capacity : fome Judicial, others Ministerial. And in his Court all Proceffes iffue in his Name, not the King's, as it does in all other Courts; fo that the Dominion and Jurisdiction of the Sea may juflly be Stiled another Commonwealth, or King- dom apart, and the Lord-High- Admiral, Viceroy of tho Maritime Kingdom. He hath under him a Lieutenant, who is Judge of the Admiralty, commonly a Doctor of the Civil Law ; the Proceedings in this Court in all Civil Matters, being according to the Civil Law: but in Cri- minal Matters, they proceed by a Special Commiffion from the Secretary, according to the Laws of England.

Lord-Frhy-Seal, hath his Office by Patent : before the 50th of Henry VIII. they were generally Ecclefiaf- ticks ; fince which, the Office hath been ufually confer'd on Temporal Peers, above the Degree of Barons. Under the Privy-Seal pafleth all Charters and Grants of the Crown, and Pardons fign'd by the Sovereign before they have the Great-Seal ; as alfo feveral other Matters of lefs Concern, as the Payment of Money, £>c. which have