Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/109

 LIV

for the Troops which in the Circus were to reprefen Land an J Sea-Fights. The Romi/h Church has alio her feveral Colours and Liveries, white for Confeffors and Virgins, and in times of rejoicing j black for the Dead ; red for Apoilles and Martyrs, blue or violet for Penitents, and green in times of Hope.

Formerly Great Men gave Liveries to feveral who were not of their Family or Servants, to engage them in their Quarrels for that Year ; but this was prohibited by the Statute i Hen. 4. and no Man, of whatever Condition, was allow'd to give any Livery but to his Domertic Officers and Council learned in either Law.

LIVERY, in Law, is the Delivery of Poffeffion to thole Tenants which held of the King inCafhe y or Knights Service. In another Signification, Livery is the Writ which lies for the Heir to obtain the Poffeffion or Seizin of his Lands at the King's hands.

Livery of Seizin is a Delivery of Poffeffion of Lands or Tenements, or Things Corporeal (for of Things Incorpo- real there can be no Livery of Seizin) to him who hath Right, or Probability of Right to them. This is a Cere- mony ufed in the Common Law, in Conveyance of Lands, Tenements, &c. where an E 11 ate in Fee-fimple, Fee-tail, or Freehold ihal I pafs ; and is a Tcftimonial of the wil- ling departing of him who makes the Livery^ from the Thing whereof Livery is made, as well as of a willing Acceptance by the other Party of all that whereof the firit has diverted himfelf. The common Manner of the Deli- very of Seizin is thus : If it be in the open Field where is no Houfe nor Building, and if the Eflate pafs by Deed, one openly reads it, or declares the EffecT: of it 5 and after that is fealed, the Vendor takes it in his hand with a Clod of Earth on a Twig or Bough, which he delivers to the V.endec in the name of Poffeffion or Seizin, accor- ding to the EfFecT: of the Deed. If there be a Houfe or Building on the Land, this is to be done at the Door of ir, none being then left within 5 and the Ring of the Door is delivered to the Vendee, who enters alone, /huts the Door, and prefently opens it again. If it be a Houfe without Land or Ground, the Livery is made and Poffef- fion given by Delivery of the Ring of the Door and Deed only; and where it is without Deed either of Lands or Tenements, there the Party declares by Word of Mouth before Witneffes the Eftate he parts with, and then de- livers Seizin or Poffeffion as aforefaid, in which Cafe the Land paffes as well as by Deed, by virtue of the Livery of Seizin. Antiently, there were a Pair of Gloves, a Ring, Knife, Ear of Wheat, %£c; delivered in fign of Livery and Seizin. See Inveftitwe.

LIVRE, an Imaginary French Coin, confifting of twenty Sols, each Sol again containing twelve Deniers : which way of computing the Coin has been in ufe in that Coun- try ever fin ce the Time oi~ Charlemagne -, before whom they ufed the Roman Libra. The Livre is of two kinds, the Livre Toumois and Farijis. The Livre Toumois, as above, contains 20 Sols Toumois, and each Sol 12 Deniers Toumois. The Livre Farijis is 10 Sols Farijis, each Sol Farijis worth 12 Deniers Farfu, and each Sol Farijis worth 1 5 Deniers Toumois. So that a Livre Farijis is equivalent to 25 Sols Tan m ois : the word Farijis being ufed in oppofi- tion to Toumois, by rcafon of the Rate of Money, which was I more at Paris than at Tours. One Penny Sterling is equal to 1 3 r Deniers Toumois ; fo that the Englijh Pound Sterling is equal to 13 Livres, 6 Sols, 8 Deniers of French Money, fuppofing the Exchange to be on the foot of 54. Pence Sterling to a French Crown of tfo Sols Toumois 5 which is theprefent Far between England and Francs.

The Origin of the Word isfetch'd hence, that antient- ly the Roman Libra or Pound was the Standard by which their Money was regulated ; twenty Sols being made equal to the Libra. By degrees the L'bra became a Term of Account, fo that any Coin juft worth 10 Sols was a Livre or Libra ? and fince the Time of Charlemagne all Contrails have been made on the foot of this Imaginary Coin : Tho the Sols have frequently cbangM their Weight and Alloy. Since, jdfererTave been Pieces of Gold {truck of 20 Sols, and under Henry III. in 1575, Species of Silver of like Value: Both the one and the other were call'd Francs, and thus the Imaginary Coin became Real.

It appears that the Romans had a kind of Money which they call'd Libra or Libella ; which was the 10th part of their Denarius j fo call'd becaufe equivalent to an As ; which, at firft, weigh'd a Libra or Pound of Copper. Scaliger adds, that they ufed Libra as a Term of Account, not as a Coin: Libra erat CoUe&io Nummorum, non Nummus. See Found.

LIXIVIOLTS, in Chymiflry, is understood of Salts ex- tracted by a Lixivium or Lotion. Lixivious Salts are the fix'd Salts of Plants, &c. extracted by calcining the Plants or reducing them to Aflies 5 and afterwards making a Lixivium of thofe Afhcs with Water ; whence that Name is derived. Mr. Boyle obferves, that the difference be-

( 4<>4 )

LOG

tween Lixivious and Urinous Salts confifts in this, That the former change the Diffolution of Sublimate in common Water into a yellow Colour.

LIXIVIUM, a Liquor made by the Infulion of Wood- Afhes,or any burnt Subllances s which is more or lefs pun- gent and penetrating, as it is more or lefs impregnated with Salts; and fiery Particles abounding therein. What is left af- ter the Evaporation of fuch a Liquor, is called a Lixhial or Lixiviate Salt ; fuch as all thofe are, which are made by Incineration. Lixiviums are of notable ufe not only in Medicine, but alfo in Bleaching, Sugar- Works, ££c. which fee.

LOADSTONE; fee Magnet.

LOAM, Clay ufed in Grafting ; a kind of Mortar made of Clay and Straw ; alfo a forr of Clay or Plaifter ufed by Chymifts to flop up their Veffels with. LOBBY, fee Jntichamber.

LOBE, among Anatomifls, is ufed for each of the two Parts whereof the Lungs confift. This Separation into Lobe: is of ufe in dilating the Lungs, in caufing them to receive more Air, and in preventing their being too much fqueez'd, when the Back is bent. For this reafon it is, that Beafts, which are always inclining towards the Earth, have more Lobes in their Lungs than Men : Even their Liver is divided into Lobes, whereas that of Man is continued.

Lobe is alfo ufed for the Tip of the Ear ; which is more fat and flefhy than any other part. Da Laurent fays, that the word Lole in this laft fenfe comes from the Greek Ku$hv, to be ajbamed: this part of the Ear being faid to blufli, when the Perfon is afhamed.

Lobe is ufed, likewife, in fpeaking of Fruits and Grains. Thus the Bean confifts of two equal parts, call'd Lobe:, which compofe the Body thereof, and are encompafs'd with the outer Skin. And all other Grains, even the fmalleit, are divided, like the Bean into two Lobe:, or equal Parts ; as Dr. Grew has fhewn in his Anatomy of Flam:.

LOBULE, in Anatomy, a little Lobe. Each Lobe of the Lungs is divided into feveral other Lobes or Lobules, which are fallen 'don each fide to the largeft Branches of the Trachea. Each Lobule confifts of a great number of little round Veiicles, which have, all, a Communication with one another. 'Tis into thefe Veficles that the Air enters by the Trachea in Infpiration ; ftill quitting them again in Expiration. The word Lobule is derived from Lobe, whereof it is a Diminutive.

LOCAL, fomething fuppofed to be tied or annexed to any particular place. Thus, in Law, a thing is faid to be Local, i.e. annexed to the Freehold. An At3ion of Trefpafs for Battery, g?c. is Tranfitory, not Local ; that is, it is not neceffary, that the Place where Battery was committed, ihould be fet down as material in the Decla- ration 5 or if it be fet down, the Defendant cannot tra- verfe ir, by faying, he did not commit the Battery in the Place mention 'd in the Declaration, and fo avoid the Aflion.

Local Qiflom: are thofe peculiar to fome Lordfhip, or other Diftria, and not agreeable to the General Cuitoms of the Country.

Local Problem, in Mathemaficks, is fuch an one, as is capable of an infinite number of different Solutions : as where the Point, that is to folve the Problem, may be indifferently taken within a certain Extent; v. g. ; any. where, in fuch a Line, within fuch a Plane Figure, iSc which is called a Geometrical Locus, and the Problem is faid to be a Local or indeterminate one. This Local Pro- blem may be either Simple, as when the Point fought is in a right Line ; Plane, when the Point fought is in the Circumference of a Circle ; Solid, when the Point re- quired is in the Circumference of a Conick Section ; or Surfolid, when the Point is in the Perimeter of a Line of the fecond Gender, as the Geometers call it. See Locus. Local, or Artificial Memory ; fee Memory. Local Colours, in Painting, are fuch as are natural and proper for each particular Objeft in a Pifture : and are fo called, to diftingui/h them from the Clair, obfeure, Which confifts wholly of Black and White. Local Motion, fee Motion.

LOCATION, in the Civil Law, an Action by which any thing is left out, on Rent. The fecond Title of the 19th Book of the Digeft, is on the Subject of Location and Conduction Location and Conduction are relative Terms, and are ufed as well for the Aflion of him that Ietts, as for that of him who takes on that letting. Tacit Location is when the Perfon who takes, continues on the Premifes beyond the Term of his Lcafe ; which by the Civil Law he is allow'd to do, at lead for the fpace of a Year ; on the fame Terms.

LOCH, or Loboch, in Pharmacy, is a Compofition, of a Confidence between that of a Syrup and that of a foft Electuary, deftined for Difeafes of the Lungs. The Word is originally Arabic ; but continues Hill in ufe