Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/1074

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and this effected, by them again on the table, and tub them gently with clean cotton to take off the superfluous talc, which ferves a fecond time for the fame Purpofe. With this powder diluted in water mixed with glue and al- lom, they draw any figures at fancy on the paper. — Vid. du Hald. Defer. Chin. T. I, p. 368, feq.

Paper-Clothes became a mode a few years ago in France. M. Flachs has a differtation exprefs on the fubject, wherein he tells us this fafhion fcarce outlived half a day ; and un- dertakes to fhew that it is no new thing, but to have been practifed among the ancients. But then it fhould be con- fidered that the old Egyptian paper was a very different thing from ours ; as being likewife ufed for fails, ropes, l$c. — Bibl. Germ. T. I. p. 260.

Paper-Mills. See the article Mill.

Paper. -Off ice, is the name of an ancient office in the palace of Whitehall, wherein all the publick writings, matters of ftate and council, proclamations, letters, intelli- gences, negotiations of the king's minifters abroad, and generally all the papers and difpatches that pafs through the offices of the fecretaries of ftate, are lodged, and dilpofed in the way of library. — It was chiefly from this noble re- pository that Bifhop Burnet had the materials for his Hif- tory of the Reformation. — Vid. NichoJf. Eng. Hifl. Libr. P. 3. c. 1. p. 180.

There is alfo an office belonging to the court of King's- bench, called by the fame denomination. — Jac. Law D. in voc.

Paper-Portraits, and PiSiures. — One Elizabeth Pyberg, who lived at the Hague in 1699, cut in paper not only towns, as Loo and Hounflerdyke, but faces to an extreme likenefs. Mr. Ellys affures, (he did king William and queen Mary better than any limner he had ever feen, and refufed 1000 guilders for the pieces: which were fo curious, that he could not believe the queen's drapery not to be point till he had mod exquifitely inquired into it. — Vid. Phil. Tranf N J 286. p. 1418.

For the Moving Paper-Work, or High German paper engine, contrived by Mrs. Vandenhurk, and now expofed to pub- lick fhow in London, we can give no particular account of it.

Papers is alfo ufed for writings, efpecially thofe relating to a man's eftate, property, dealings, or the like. See Wr i-

TING.

In which fenfe, papers include books of accounts, invoices, orders, alfo deeds, bonds, charters, and the like. See Act, Instrument, Account, Books, Record, Archive, Register, &c. Papers is alfo fometimes ufed for manufcript-books. See Book and Manuscript.

Such an author' left his papers to *** college. Several of Sir Iiaac Newton's papers have been publifhed fince his death.' — Tourncfort allures us, that the heirs of M. de Peirefk warmed themfelves a whole winter with the papers he left in his cabinet. It had been cheaper, adds M. Tournefort, if they had burnt cedar, or aloes wood. — Vid. Journ. Liter. T. 12. p. 64.

Papers is more particularly ufed of late days for gazettes, journals, and other public news-writings. See Gazette, Journal, csV.

In this fenfe we fay, to read the papers ; the papers abound with falfhoods : the multitude of papers is become a burthen on coffee-houfes, but an advantage to the revenue. — We have .daily papers, weekly papers, morning papers, evening papers, occasional papers, political papers, literary papers, pa- pers of entertainment, &c.

Paver, among bankers and other negociants, is alfo ufed for bills of exchange, bank, and promiflbry notes, &c. See Bill, c5V.

I have no money to give you, but only paper ; paper indeed as good as ready money. In the year 1720 multitudes were ruined by changing their money and lands for paper. It is the ufe and effect of credit to reprefent money by paper. See Money, fcfV.

Substituting paper for money, and giving the paper an arbi- trary value, was the way of paying debts introduced in France by Mr. Law. — A royal bank was eftablifhed, to which people were to carry their money, and receive the value of it in bills, which were to pafs current in trade as fo much money.— Vid. Chevign. Scienc. des Pers. de la Cour. T. 2. p. 292, feqq. — It was made confifcation of goods, and the gallies, for any man to keep above 40 livres by him of any but paper money. When the regent was told what a rage was fpirited up againft him about the arrets for making paper current, and how openly the people threatened him, he anfwered cooly, the French were like watch dogs, they would bark but not bite, les Francois refemblent aux chiens a garde, Us aboyent, mais ne mordent pas. Mift Mifc. Lett. T. 4. p. 16.

Paper, among fan-painters. See the article Fan.

PLANETARY days.— Among the ancients, the week was ihared among the feven planets ; each planet having its day. This we learn from Dion Cafiius and Plutarch, Sympos, I. 4. q. 7. Herodotus adds, that it was the Egyptians who firft discovered what God, that is, what planet prefides over

SAT

each day, for that among this people the planets were directors. And hence it is, that in moft European lan- guages, the days of the week are ftill denominated from the planets; Sunday, Monday, &c. See Week.

Planetary years, the periods of time wherein the fe- veral planets make their revolutions round the fun, or the earth. See Year, Revolution, &SV. As from the proper revolution of the fun, the folar year takes its original ; fo from the proper revolutions of the reft of the planets about the earth, fo many forts of years do arife^ viz. the faturnian year, which is defined by 29 Egyptian years, 174 hours 58 minutes, equivalent in a round number to 30 folar years. — The jovial year, con- taining 317 days, 14 hours, 59 minutes. — The martial year containing; 321 days, 23 hours, 31 minutes. — For Venus and Mercury, as their years, when judged of with regard to the earth, are almoit equal to the folar year ; they are more ufually eftimated from the fun, the true cen- ter of their motions : in which cafe, the former is equal to 224 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes, the latter to 87 days, 23 hours, 14 minutes. See Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Gfr.

Planetary fquares, the fquares of the feven numbers from 3 to 9 difpofed magically. See Magic fquare. Corn. Agrippa, in his famous book of magic, has given the con ft ruction of the feven planetary fquares : M. Poignard, canon of Bruffels, in his treatife of fublime fquares, gives new, eafy, and general methods for making the kven pla- netary fquares, and all others to infinity, by numbers in all forts of progreffions.

SATYR*, Satyra, or Satira, in a literary fenfe, fignifies all manner of difcourfe wherein any perfon is reprehended ; but more particularly a poem, wherein mens follies, and vices are wittily expofed, in order to their re- formation.

difpute among criticks. The common opinion, fupported by Scaliger, Heinfms and Voffius, deduces it from the Greek Earupoi, fatyrs, a fort of Sylvan deities, by the Romans called Fauni, to whofe petulancy and wantonnefs this fort of compofition is fuppofed to bear fome refemblance. — On which footing fatyr is conftdered as a poem of a wanton» and licentious nature, which like the fatyrs, turns things upfide down to find occafion for cenfure, and ridicule. — Cafaubon, on the contrary, followed by Spanheim and Da- cier, derives the Roman fatyr not from the Grecian divinities called fatyrs, to which they affert it bears no relation, but from the Latin fatur, ufed for plenum full, a thing to which nothing is wanting. — Thus it is fatur colo?-' 1, denotes wool which has fufficiently imbibed the colour, fo that its dye cannot be further heightened : fo fatur mejfis denoted a plentiful harveit b ; and fatur geflus, a various one c — From this fatur came fatura, which was alfo written fatira with an i, as maximus for maxumus ; and opthnus for optumus. But fatura, it is to be obi'erved, is an adjective, referring to a fubftantive understood, which here is lanx ; fatura lanx be- ing the name of a bafon filled with all manner of fruits, which the Romans offered yearly to Ceres and Bacchus, as their firft fruits. Thus the grammarian Diomedes: Lanx re- ferta -variis multifque primitiis, facris Cereris inferebatur-, Cif a copia & faturitate rei, fatura 'vocabatur. Thence alfo the word fatura was applied to other mixtures ; particularly to a difh confuting of feveral forts of meats : Quoddam genus far- ciminis multis rebus refertum faturam diclt Varro vocitari d. And the fame term was alfo tranflated to works of genius : thus, leges fatura: denoted laws confuting of many heads or titles, as in Feltus : fatura eji lex multis aliis legibus cmferta. — And the ancient Gloff. fatura Nojxo? ttoMx mptex^- Such, e. gr. is this, Vultifne, jubetifne cum Jugurtha bellum co?npa~ natur, C5" faadus feriatur : eltphantos tradat, item omnes tranf- fugas, &c — Hence alfo a thing was laid per faturam fieri, when it was done haitily and confufedly ; thus per faturam legem ferre, was to pafs a law coufufedly and in the lump, without collecting the votes.— Lastly, fatura alfo became the title of feveral books, as of that of Pelcennius Feltus, who wrote hiflorias faturas, or per faturam. — From the whole it is inferred, that the fatyrical pieces of the poets were fo called, as being various, and mifcellaneous compofi- tions ; or as Porphyron expreffes it, quod multis tjf variis re- bus hoc carmen refertum e/?.- On _this_ principle it is urged, the word fhould be written in Lntin with an u or i, fatura or fatira, and in Englith only with an i. They who write it with a_y, do it as fuppofmg with Scaliger, and others, that the Sylvan fatsri gave name to this compofition, and that from fidyrus came fatyra, which Cafaubon labours hard to difprove, by mowing, that from fatyrus could never be formed fatyra, but fatyrica, and by explaining the great difference between the Greek fatyric poems and the Roman r a tire. — Scaliger neverthelefs defends the ancient etymon from the Greek Ea-rupoc, which he makes the origin cf the Latin fatur, fatura lanx, Sec. which according to him were appellations firft ufed in the facrifices and ceremonies of Bacchus, where fatyrs were rehearfed : Non a Jatura <vd lege W lance dicta eft, ut frujlra ac temere fatagunt grammatici 5 quin has a fatyris dielas puto : cum lancibus enirn prodibant, & canifellii' pommtm omni genert pltnit, quibus nymphas al- G licerent.
 * The origin of the word has been the occafion of a notable