Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/1052

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tifc. L.Ant. T. z. p. 48. w. libri.' Barth. Advcrfi I. 22. c. 1%. Schwartz, de Ornam. Ubror. dij). 2. Reimm. Idea Syfi. Ant. Liter, p. 242. feqq. Item p. 251. To which may be added divers other writers on the form and ornaments of the ancient books recited in Fabric. Bibl. Antiq. c. 19. §. 7.

To the form of books belongs alfo the ceconoyny of the infide, or the order and arrangement of points and letters into lines and pages % with margins and other appurtenances : this has undergone many varieties ; at firft, the letters were only di- vided into lines, then into feparate words; which by de- grees were noted with accents, and diftributed by points and flops into periods, paragraphs, chapters, and other divifions. In fome countries, as among the Orientals, the lines began from right, and run to the leftwards ; in others, as the Nor- thern and Wefteni nations, from left to the rightward : o- thers, as the Grecians, followed both directions alternately, going in the one and returning in the other, called boujlro- phedon.- — -in moft countries, the lines run from fide to fide of the page ;. in fome, particularly the Chinefe, from top to bottom. Again, the page in fome is entire, and uniform ; in others, divided into columns; in others, diftinguilhcd into text and notes, either marginal, or at the bottom: ufu- ally it is furnifhed with fignatures and catch-words ; fome- times alfo with a regifter to difcover whether the book be compleat. — To thefe are occafionally added the apparatus. of fummaries, or fide-notes ; the embcllifhments of red, gold, or figured initial letters, head-pieces, tail-pieces, effigies, fchemes, maps and the like. — The end of the book now de- rioted hy finis, was anciently marked with a <, called coram s ; and the whole frequently wafhed with an oil drawn from ce- dar, or citron chips ftrewed between the leaves to prcferve it from rotting b .- — There alfo occur certain formula's at the beginnings and ends of hooks : as, among the Jews, the word pTP> ejio fortis, which we find at the end of the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Ezckiel, CSV. to exhort the reader to be courageous, and proceed on to the following

. look c. — The conclusions were alfo often guarded with impre- cations againif. fuch as fhould falfify them a ; of which we have an inftance in the Apocalypfe *. — -The Mahometans for the like reafon place the name of God, at the beginning of all their books, which cannot fail to procure them pro- tection, on account of the infinite regard had among them to that name where-ever found '. — For the like reafon it is that divers of the laws of the ancient emperors begin with the "formula, In nomine Deis. — -Vid. Barth. de Libr. Legend, diff. 5. p. 106, feqq. Montfauc. Pal&ogr. 1. r. c. 4. Reimm. Idea Syfi. Antiq. Liter, p. 227. Schwartz, de Ornam. Libr. dijfi. Reimm. Idea Syfi. Antiq. Liter, p. 240. feqq. b Schwartz. de Ornam. Ubror. diff. 2. Reimm. Idea Syfi. Ant. Liter. p.1$\. c Schwartz, ubi fupra diff. 3. Reimm. /. c. p. 260. feq. d Fabric. Bibl. Grac I. 1. c 5. p. 74. c Revel, c. 22. v. 19. f Sale Prelim. Difc. to Koran feci. 3. p. 59. sBarthol. lib. at. p. 117.

of verfes contained in it, and at the end of the Pentateuch the number of lections ; that it might be tranfmitted to po- ilerity entire : the Maflbretes and Mahometan doctors have gone further ; fo as to number the feveral words and letters in each book, chapter, verfe, &c. of the Old Teftament, and the Alcoran. See'MAssoRA, Alcoran, c5V.
 * At the end of each book the Jews alfo added the number

The kinds and denominations of Books, are various : with regard to their ufe and authority, books may be divided into, — hu- man, thofe compofed by mere men; — divine, thofe fent from heaven, or dictated by God himfelf, containing his word and ■will ; which latter are alfo called facrcd and hifpired books. Sec Reve lation, Inspiration, &c. The Mahometans reckon one hundred and four divine books, given by God to his prophets, vtz. ten to Adam ; fifty to Seth ; thirty to Enoch ; ten to Abraham ; one to Mofes, the Pentateuch (fuch as it was before the Jews and Chriltians corrupted it) another to Jcfus, the Gofpel ; another to Da- vid, the Pfalms ; and another to Mahomet, the Alcoran. He that denies thefe, or any of them, or any part, verfe, or even word of them, is deemed an infidel a ; and God pre- ferve us from infidels! — They make it a criterion of a di- vine book, that God himfelf fpeak in it, not others concern- ing God, in the third perfon ; as is done in our books of the Old and New Teftament, which they therefore reject as compolitions merely human ''. — ''■Vid. Reland. de Relig, Mo- hamm. I. 1. c. \.p. 21. feq. b Id. ibid. 1. 2. §. 26. p. 231.

Sibylline Books, are thofe compofed by certain pretended pro- phetefies, depofited in the capitol, under the care of duum- viri. — Vid. Lomei. de Biblioth. c 13. p. 377. See alfo Si by l.

Canonical Books, are thofe received and allowed by the church, as parts of holy fcripturc. — Such are the books of the Old and New Teftament. See Canon, and Bible.

Apocryphal Books, thefe excluded out of the canon, yet re- ceived and read in churches. See Apocrypha. .

Authentic Books, thofe which are decifive, and of authority: fuch, in the civil law, are the code, digeft, taV. in our law, the fhtutes, t5Vv — V'ul. Bac. de Aitgm. Sclent. I. 8. c. 3. Works

r. i.p. 25.7.

Auxiliary Books, thofe lefs eflential, yet of ufe as fubfervient to the others: as, in the ftudy of the law, books of infticutes, formula^ maxims, reports, 6fc,

Elementary Books, thofe which deliver the firft principles of fciences : fuch are thofe under the titles of rudiments, me- thods, grammars, &c. by which they ftand contradiftinguifh- ed from books of a fuperior order; which aim at making fur- ther advances in the fciences. — Vid Mem. de Trev. an. 1734. p. B04.

Library Books, fuch as are not ordinarily read over, but turned to, and confulted occafionally : fuch are dictionaries, comments, corpus's, thefaurus's, &c.

Exoteric Books, thofe intended for the ufe of popular and or- dinary readers.

Acroamatic Books, thofe containing more fecret and fublime matters, calculated for adepts and proficients in the fubje£t. — Vid. Reimm. Idea Syfi. Antiq. Liter, p. 136.

Prohibited Books, thofe condemned and forbidden by the fu~ periors of the church, as either containing matters of here- fy, or things contrary to good morals. — Vid. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef I. 16. c. 11. §. ir. Pafc. de Var. Mod. Mor. Trad. c. 3. p. 298, & 250. Trev. D. Univ. T. 3. p. 1507. PfafF. Introd. Hijl. Theol. T. 2. p. 65. Heuman Via ad Hijl. Lit. c. 4. §. 63. p. 163. See alfo the article Index.

Public Books, libri publici, the records of paft times and tranf- actions kept by public authority. — Vid. Calv. L. fur. p. 534. voc. Libri. Trev. D. Univ. T. 1. p. 1509, See alio Acts, &c

Church Books, or ecdefiajiical Books, thofe ufed in the pub- lick offices of religion a. — Such, in the Latin church, are the facramentary, antiphonary, leclionary, pjalter, evangelary, or evangeliflary, ordo, miffal, pontifical, ritual, proceffwnal, breviary, rofary b, &c. — In the Greek church, the menslo- gium, euchohgium, tropologium, &c. — Alfo, the book of peace, Uber pads, which is a book given to be killed in the cere- mony of the mafs. — The mufic-book, containing the pfalms, troparies, and other prayers of that kind^ which are ufed to be fung, with the notes marked to each. — Book of liturgies, liber Uturgiarum, containing not all the liturgies of the Greek church, but only the four now in ufe ; viz. the li- turgy of St. Bafil, of St. Chryfoitom, that of the prefancli- fied, vpQiiyttx.atJ.Evmv, and that of St. James, which is only ufed in the church of Jerulalem, and that but once a-year c. — " Vid. PfafF. Introd. Hijl. Theol. 1. 4. §. 8. T. 3. p. 287. b Trev. D. Univ. T. 3. p. 1507. ^ Id. ibid. See alfo Li-

TURGY.

The Englifii church-books, in \\{c "m the middle of the tenth century, as enumerated in Elfric's canons, were the bible, pfalter, pijlol-book, (i. e. epifllcs) gofpel-book, majs-book, fong- book, (clfewhere called antiphonary) hand-book, (or manual) kalendar, pajfional, (or martyrology) penitential, and the leffon- book. — Vid. Johni. Ecclef Laws. An. 957. §. 21. The Jewifh church-books, were the books of the law, the ha- giographa, the prophets, &c. — See Pentateuch, Pro- phet, and Hagiographa. — The firft was alfo called the book of Mofes, becaufe compofed by him; and the book of the covenant, becaufe the terms thereof were contained in it. In a more abfolute fenfe, book of the law denotes Mofes's original or autograph, found in a hole in the temple in king Jofiah's time.

Books, again, with regard to their fcope and fubjeel:, may be divided into — hiflorical, thofe which relate facls, either of nature or mankind — dog?natical, thofe which lay down doc- trines, or general truths — mifcellaneous, thofe of a neutral kind, containing both fa£ts and doctrines — hijlorico- dogmati- cal, thofe which only rehearfe doctrines, or, at moft indi- cate the arguments by which they are proved, as Mallet's geometry \ — Scientif co-dogmatical, thofe which not only recite the doctrines, but demonftrate them, as Euclid's Elements. — Vid. Wolf. Phil. Rat. feci. 3. c. 1. §. 744, 750, 751, &c.

Pontifical Books, libri pontificals, iepartna CiCXta, among the Romans, were thofe appointed by Numa to be kept by the pontifex maximus ; defcribing all the ceremonies, facrificcs, feaits, prayers, and other religious matters, with the man- ner and circumltances wherewith each was to be celebrated : thefe were alfo called, indigitamenta, as containing the names of all the gods, and the occafions, and formula's of invoking each. — Vid. Liv. 1. p. 23. Lomei. de Bibl. c. 6. p. 107. Pi- tifc. L. Ant. T. 2. p. 85. voc. Libri.

Ritual Books, libri rituales, thofe which directed the order and manner of founding, building, and confecrating cities, temples, and altars; the ceremonies belonging to walls, gates, tribes, curis, camps, and the like. — Vid. Lomei. lib. cit. c. 6. p. in. Pitifc. ubi fupra.

Augural Books, libri augurales, called by Cicero 3, reconditi, were thofe wherein the fcience of foretelling futurity from the flight and chattering of birds were contained b. — *Vid. Cic. Orat. pro domo fua ad pontif. b Serv. ad Mn. I. 5. v. 738. Lomei. lib. cit. c. 6. p. 109. See alfo Augur, and Augury.

Arufpicine Books, libri arufpicini, thofe wherein the myfteries of divining from the entrails of victims were prefcribed.— - Vid. Lomei. ubi fupra c. 6. p. ill. See alfo Aruspex, £9V.

Acherontk Books, libri Acheront id, thofe wherein the ceremo- nies and difciplinc of Acheron were contained ; fometimes alfo called libri Etrufci, as being fuppofed to have been com- pofed by Tages the Hetrurian 3 though others pretend that

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