Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/105

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Thefe Apices or PapiU* are fo very minute and flender in Men,that they make the Coat appear on the upper Part to be villous ; elpecially as they approach nearer to the Root. The Figure of .the Papilla:, in human Tongues, is not fo plainly difeernible to the naked Eye as not to need theMi- crofcope. In Brutes they are generally larger, itiffer, and more confpicuous, and in fome almoil cartilaginous, as may be felt in the Tongues of Cats, Oxen, but morefen- fibly in Lions. On the upper fide, at a little diilance from the Tip, this Membrane becomes thin, fmcoth, and glabrous, and, as it were, poliilied by the lower Farts of the Mouth whereon it Aides.

Under this lies a thin foft reticular kind of Coat, pun- ched through with innumerable Holes, and always lined with a thick and white yellowifh Mucus. This Membrane is fo exceeding tender, and full of Mucus, that it is not to be examined by thenaked Eyeunlefs boiled ; by which it grows tough, and eafily feparable from the external Membrane, and from the nervous Part of the Tongue which lies immediately under it. After boiling it ap- pears like a kind of Gawfe, between whofe Threads in- numerable Holes appear, through which the Apices of the papillary Body underneath it are exerted. This Membrane on the upper Side, next the outward, appears white, with a Caft towards yellow, but black on the Side next the Tongue.

Many Authors don't allow this to be a Membrane, and will only have it to be a Mucus hardened by boiling ; but fince it has fo much of the Refemblance of a Mem- brane, and that Authors agree in allowing two Mem- branes to the Tongue, Dr. Drake does not fcruple to number it among them ; fince there does not appear to be any other fecond Membrane: reckoning, with Malpighi, the fmooth Part under the Tongue, a Part of the outer Membrane.

Immediately under this appears a nervous papillary Body fpreading itfelf to a pretty Thicknefs over the whole Surface of the Tongue. This Body, on the un- der Side, is every where level and fmooth, except in fome few Places, where it is connected to the fubjacent mufculous Part by fome nervous Twigs which it fends in- to it. Malpighi diftingui /lies the PapilU y which make the principal Part hereof into three kinds, from their diffe- rent Magnitudes and Figures when obferved with the Mi- crofcope ; of which, thofe feated on the Sides and Tip are very fingular, rcfembling little round Pyramids, with Globes on their Tops like the Horns of Snails. All thefe Papilla, which are the immediate Organs of Tailing, fend their Apices, or Extremities, through the mucous Membrane, into the pyramidal Papilla; of the outward Membrane, which are hollow to receive them, and fee m to be nothing elfe but a kind of Cafes to defend thefe nervous Papilla from Injuries which the Salts and Afperi- ties of thofe Bodies, which we take into our Mouths, might do them.

The rell, and much the greatelt Part, of the Body of the Tongue is mufculous, confiding of Plans of Fibres in different Directions : The firft, or external Plan, confifts of ftrait Fibres, which cover the Tongue from one Ex- treme to the other ; when thefe contract, they fhorten it. Under this are feveral other Plans, running from the un- der to the upper Side, which ferve to make it broad and thin. Thefe two kinds of Fibres lie Jiratum Juper Jira- tum, a Plate of the one, and then a Plate of the other. Authors are not agreed about the Number of Mufcles which compofe the Tongue, fome confounding thofe of the Os Hyoides with thofe of the Tongue, reckon eight, others nine, others ten, and more Pair. Some number thofe proper to the Tongue alone fix Pair, others five, o- thers four, and fome no more than three. Of this lalt Opinion is our accurate Mr. Coiaper, who allows no more than three genuine Pair of Mufcles to the Tongue, viz. the Pair Genioglojfum, which pull the Tongue forwards, and put it out of the Mouth ■> the Ceratogloffum, which draws it into the Mouth, or pulls it on one fide ; and the Stylogfofjum, which draws the Tongue up in the Action of Deglutition. See Get:iogIoftim i Sic. under their proper Heads.

Befides the Mufcles, the Tongue is alfo moved by a Bone fituated at its Root, and making as it were its Bafis, called Os Hyoides, which fee.

Down the middle of the Tongue, lengthwife, runs a Seam, call'd LlneaMediana, which divides it to the bot- tom into two equal Parts, but not fo effectually, but that the Blood- VefTels of one Side communicate with thofe of the other. Thefe Veffels are Arteries from the Carotides and Veins called Ranul*, and are very confpi- cuous about the Frcenum under the Tongue, fervj n g to recon- vey the Blood to the external Jugulars. Thefe Veins are frequently opened in the Angina, and are the lad Refort of old Women in this Cafe. 'The Nerves of the Tongue

come from the fifth, fixth, and ninth Pairs ; the two firft of which have been called Gujiatorii, and the latter Moto- rii Lingua,

Howfoever neceffaryjan Organ the Tongue be in Speech, £S?c. yet $ac, Rolaudus has publiified an Account of a Mouth without a Tongue, which fpake perfectly, and perform'd its other natural Functions ; the Perfon he fpeaks of is Pet. Durand, who lofing his Tongue by a Gangreen, could yet fpeak perfectly, as alfo taile, fwal- low, and chew his Food ; which lad, however, he could only do on that Side he put it into, being unable to turn it to theotherSide of his Mouth.

LINIMENT, a Topical Remedy, ferving to foften the Afperitiesof the Skin, and to moiilen thofe Parts that are to be foftened, for refolving the Humours that affiict the Patient, and give him Pain. There are various kinds of Liniments ufed according to the various Occafions. The Liniment is of a mean Confidence, between an Oil and an Unguent. The word comes from the Latin limre, to anoint gently.

LINSTOCK, is a fliort Staff of Wood, about three foot long, having at one end a Piece of Iron divided into two Branches, each of which hath a Notch to hold a Piece of Match, and a Screw to fallen it there ; the other end of the Staff is alfo Ihod with Iron, and pointed, to Hick into the Ground. It is ufed by the Gunners in firing Cannon.

LINTEL, in Architecture, the Piece of Timber that lies horizontally over Door-Pofls and Window Jaums, as well to bear the Thicknefs of the Wall over it, as bind the Sides of the Walls together.

LINUM CATHART1CUM, Mountain-Flax; this is much ufed by common People. It is a rough harm Purge, and powerfully deterges, and evacuates vifcid and watery Humours from themofi remote Lodgments; which makes them fond of it in Rheumatifms : but it is only fit for ro- buft Constitutions

LINUM INCOMBUSTIEILE, a Mineral Subltance, of a whitiih Silver Colour, and a woolly Texture ; con- fifting of fmall Threads or Longitudinal Fibres, endued with the wonderful Property of refilling Fire, and remain- ing unconfuraed in the mrenfefl: Heat. This lanuginous Mineral is fometimes called Amianthus and Asbeftos, which fee ; fometimes Salamandra, or Salamander's Wooll, from the Candle- Wicks faid to be made antiently of it. From a pungent _ Quality, which Agricola fays it has on the Tongue without Aftringcncy, it is call'd Alutnen, having the Epithet of Plumeum added to it, taken from its dow- ny Filaments, to diflingui/h it from the other Alums. From its light grey Colour it is call'd Folia and Corfoides ; and from its Likenefs to the hoary Fibres of fome forts of Mat- Weed, Spartapolia. From the Capacity it has of be- ing fpun into Thread, it is call'd Linum, with fome di- fiinguifhing Epithet, taken either from its Quality, as Linum Asbefiinum Fivum, or Incombujlible ; or from the Place where it is found, as Linum Fofle, Linum Jndicum, Cretlcum, Cypricum, and Carpajium, or Caryjnum. But be- fides the Places whence it borrows Names, it is alfo found in Tartary, at Namur in the Low Countries, in Tburmvia. among the Mines in the Old Noricum in Egypt, i n the Mountains of Arcadia, at Pttteoli in the Ifland of Corfica y in the Ifland of Anglefey in Wales, and in Aberdeen/hire in Scotland.

The Naturalifts generally reckon it among the Stones, whence its Appellation of Lapis Asbeftos, &c. but Dr. Plot rather judges it aTerra Lapidofa, or middle Sub- flance, between Stone and Earth. As to its Generation, the fame Author takes it to be a Mixture of fome Salt', and a pure Earth without Sulphur, coagulated in the Winter, and hardened by the Heats in Summer. The Salt 5. Hefus fays is a liquid Alum, of a milky Subftance, inclining to yellow, that fweats out of the Earth, and fmells like rotten Cheefe.

As to the Art of managing this Mineral, and of fpin- ning and weaving it, ££c. the Accounts we have are va- rious. Signior Caftagnata, Superintendant of fome Mines in Italy, gives us the Art of reducing it either into a very white Skin, or a very white Paper, either of which re- fills the raoft violent Fire.

Mr. Lloyd rook fome of that found in Anglefey, and pounding it in a Stone Mortar till it became a downy Sub- itance, lifted it thro a fine Searce ; by which means the earthy Parts were feparated from it : the Linum remain- ing. He then brought it to a Paper-Mill, and putting it in Water, inaproper Veffel, flirred it pretty much or- dering the Workmen to proceed on it in their ufual man- ner of making Paper, with their Writing- Paper Mold ; on- ly to ftir it about constantly before putting their Mold in ; considering it as a far more ponderous Subftance than what they ufed, and confequcntly, if not immediately taken up after it was agitated, it would fubfide. The

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