Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/1036

 WOR [ 57 P]

25 Weavers and Atten-

so T'hroiuers and Doublers 5 dams 12 /.

A Pack of Woo/ made into Stockings will employ for one

Week 184 Perfons, who will earn 50" / Thus, 10

Cambers 5 1. -j s. &e3)yer,i I. 6 s. 102 Spinners is I. 12 s. Doubters and throwers 4 /. 10 s. <So Stocking Weavers 30 /.

WORD, fo*, Vocabulum, in Language, is an articulate Sound defigned to reprefent fome Idea. See Sound, Voice, Idea, isic.

In writing, a WW is an affemblage of feveral Letters, forming one or more Syllables, and fignifying fome thing. e= Letter and Syllable.

The Port-Royalifts define Words to be diftinct articulate Sounds agreed on by Mankind to convey their Thoughts and Sentiments by. See Language.

Grammarians divide Words into eight Claffes, call'd 'Parts of Speech 5 which are the Noun, 'Pronoun, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Conjunction, Prepofition, and Inter- jection ; to one or other of which all the Words and Terms in all Languages, which have or may be invented to expreis our Ideas, are reducible. See each under its proper Ar- ticle, Noun, Pronoun, Verb, &g.

Words, again, are divided into Primitives and Deriva- tives, Simple and Compound, Synonymous and Equivocal. See Primitive, Derivative, &g.

■With regard to their Syllables, Words are further divided into Monofyltables, and Pclyfyllables. See Monosyllable,

The Grammatical Figures of Words, tropi Verborum, which occafion changes in the Form, &c. of Words, are Syn- cope, Apocope, Apoftrophe, Di<erefis, Aph<erefis, Prothe- fis, Epenthefis, Paragoge, Metatbejis, iSc- See each in its proper Place, Syncope, Apocope, SSc. fee alfo Trope and Figure.

The Ufe of Words, we have obferved, is to ferve as fen- fible Sians of our Ideas ; and the Ideas they fland for in the Mind of the Perfon that fpeaks, are their proper Significa- tions.

Simple and Primitive Words have no natural Connexion with the things they fignify ; whence there is no rationale to be given of them : It is by a mere arbitrary Inftitution and Agreement of Men that they come to fignify any thing. Certain Words have no natural Propriety or Aptitude to ex- prefs certain Thoughts, more than others ; were that the cafe, there could have been but one Language. See Primitive.

But in Derivative and Compound Words the Cafe is fome- what different. In the forming of thefe, we fee, a regard is had to Agreement,Relation,and Analogy : Thus, mofl Words that have the fame ending, have one common and general

WOR

of that Language doth not apply them. 3, When we apply them unfteadily, making them (land now for one, and anon for another Idea.

Secondly, To make known our Thoughts with as much

eafe, and quicknefs as is poflible- -This, Men fad in,

when they have complex Ideas, without having diitincT: Names for them j which may happen either through the defect of a Language, which has none; or the fault of that Man, who has not yet learned them.

Thirdly, To convey the Knowledge of Things- .This

cannot be done, but when our Ideas agree to the reality of things. He that hath Names without Ideas, wantsmcaning in his Words, and fpeaks only empty Sounds. He that hath complex Ideas, without Names fur them, wants difpatch in his Expreffion. He that ufeth his Words loofely and un- fteadily, will either not be minded, or not underftood. He that applies his Names to Ideas, different from their com- mon ufe, wants Propriety in his Language, and freaks Gib- berifh ; and he that hath Ideas of Subftances, difa<?renrg with the real Exiftence of things, fo tar wants the Materials of true Knowledge. See Knowledge.

Word, or Watch -Word, in an Army, or Garrifon, is fome peculiar Wordy or Sentence, by which the Soldiers know, and diftinguifh one another in the Night, &c. and by which Spies, and defigning Perfons are difcovered.

It is ufed alfo to prevent Surprizes. The Wofdit

given out in an Army every Night by the General, to the Lieutenant, or Major- General of the Day, who gives it to the Majors of the Brigades, and tbey to the Adjutants 5 who give it firft to the Field-Officer.^ and afrt rwards to a Serjeant of each Company, whocarryit to thcSab:ilterns.

In Garrifons it is given afrertheGate is fhut, to the Town- Major, who gives it to the Adjutants, and they to the Ser- jeants. See Rounds.

Word, in Heraldry, &c. See Motto.

WORK-i/ow/?, a Place where indigent, vagrant, and idle People are fet to work, and maintain'd with Clothing, Diet, &c.

Such is Bride-well, and feveral other Places about the City and Suburbs ; particularly that in Sijbofjgate-ftrect for employing the poor Children of tho City and Liberties, who have no Settlement ; and that for the Parifli of St. Margaret's Wejliniijfler, call'd the Grey-Coat HoffritaL See Bridewell andHosPiTAL.

At Amfierdaw they have a famous WorhHoufe, orHoufe of Correction, call'd the Rafphuyfe, which, by a Privilege granted in 1602, has alone the Right of Shaving and Cut- ting the Dyers Wood,*, asBrafil, Sintal, Campeche, SafTa- fras, $$c.

Each Perfon, tolerably ftrong, kept in the Houfe, is obli-

way of denoting or fignifying things; and thofe compounded ge d tofurnifh '250 Pounds of rafp'd Wood per Day ; 'and the with the fame Prepofitions, have a fimilar Manner of ex- weaker, a certs'

preffing and fignifying fimilar Ideas in all the learned Lan- guages where they occur.

For the Perfection of Language, 'tis not enough, Mr. Locke obferves, that Sounds can be made Signs of Ideas ; unlefs thefe can be made ufe of, fo as to comprehend feveral par- ticular things ; for the multiplication of Words would have perplexed their ufe, had every particular thing needed a diiiinct Name to be fignified by,

To remedy this Inconvenience, Language had a farther Improvement in the ufe of general Terms whereby one Wo. d was made to mark a Multitude of particular Exiften- ces ; which advantageous Ufe of Sounds was obtained only by the difference of the Ideas they were made figns of; Thofe Names becoming general, which are made to fland for general Ideas ; and thofe remaining particular, where the Ideas they are ufed for are particular. See General lerms.

It is obfervable, that the Words which ftand for Actions and Notions quite removed from Senfe, are borrow'd from fenfible Ideas ; as, to Imagine, Apprehend, Comprehend, Underitand, Adhere, Conceive, Inifill, Difguft, Diftur- bance, Tranquillity, &c. which are all taken from the Ope- rations of things fenfible, and apply'd to Modes of Think- ing Spirit, in its primary Signification, is no more than

Breath ; Angel, a Meffenger. By which we may guefs what kind of Notions they were, and whence derived, which filled the Minds of the firft beginners of Languages, and how Nature, even in the naming of things, unawares, fuggefted to Men the Originals of all their Knowledge : whilft, to give Names that might make known to otners any Operations they felt in themfelves, or any other Ideas, that came not under their Senfes, they were forced to bor- row Words from the ordinary and known Ideas of Sen- fation. See Sensation, Perception, £=?c.

The Ends of Language in our Difcourfe with others, are chiefly three: Firft, to make our Thoughts or Ideas known

one to another This we fail in, r. When we ufe Names

without clear and difiincl Ideas in our Minds. 2. When we apply received Names to Idea?, to which the common ufe

2-W0R k ,•} f Crow n~Work.

■Work, Co J HoRN-Zfori

tfoRit, f* yOuT Work,

Work, 3 *~ Field- Work.

certain Quantityof Chips. See Raspiiuyse.

WORKS, Opera, in Fortification, the feveral Lines, Trenches, Ditche.% £J?e. made round a Place, an Army,^. to fortify and defendit. See Line, Trench, &c.

The principal Works in aFortrcfs or fortify'd Place, fee under the Articles Fortify'd \Place, Fortification, &c.

Cro-wn-VJoR k ,-^ ( Crown-?' ork.

Hom-'Wo

Out- Wo

Field Wo

WORLD, Mt&duSi the Aflembiage of Parts which com- pofe the Univerfe ; call'd by the Greeks t2 w, and by the Latins, Umve)fum. See Universe.

The ^Duration of the World is a thing has been greatly

difputed 'Plato, after Ocellus Lucanus, held it to be

eternal ; and to have flow'd from God, as Rays flow from the Sun. Ariptle was much of the fame mind : he affrrts, that the World was not generated, fo as to begin to be a World, which before was none : and, in effect, his whole eighth Book of <Phyf. and firft B 00k de C03I0, is fpent in proving the Eternity of the World. See Eternity. _ He lays down a pre-exifting and eternal Matter as a Prin- ciple ; and thence argues the World eternal. His Argu- ment amounts to this, that it is impofliblc an eternal Agent, having an eternal paffive Subject, fliould continue long without Action. See Aristotelian.

His Opinion was gencrallyToliow'd ; as feemingtobe the fitteft to end the Difoute among fo many Sects about the firft Caufe. See Cause.

Epicurus, however, tho' he makes Matter eternal ; yet fliews the World to be but a new thing form'd, out of a fortuitous Concourfe of Atoms. See Lucretius, lib- V. See Matter, Atom, $$c. See alfo Epicurean, ££c

Some of the modern Philofophers refute ;he imaginary Eternity of the World, by this Argument : That, if it be ab jEterw^hert mufl have been a generation of Individuals in a con'inual Succeffion from all Eternity ; fince no Caufe can be afltgn'd why they fliould not be generated, viz. one from another. Therefore, to con fid er the Origin of Things, and

the