Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/1029

 WIN [372 ]

imis $$ Minimis, he finds them very different from the common ones.

The Refult of his Enquiry is, that the Width of the rectangular Sail fhould be nearly double its Height or Length ; whereas the Height or Length are ufually made almoft five times their Width. — Add, that as the Height, or Length, is the Dimenfion taken from the Centre of the Axis; the greateft Dimenfion of the new rectangular Sail will be turn'd towards the Axis, and the fmalleft from it: Quite contrary to the Pofition of the common Sails.

The Force of a Windmill with four of thefe new rectan- gular Sails, M. 'Parent fhews, will be to the Force of 4 Elliptic Sails, nearly as 1; to 23 ; which leaves a confidera- ble advantage on the fide of the Elliptic ones : yet will the Force of the new rectangular Sails be nearly four times as great as thofe of the common ones.

M. 'Parent likewife confiders what Number of the new Sails will be mod advantageous, and finds that the fewer

Sails, the more Surface there will be, but the lefs Force

The Ratio of the Force of a Windmill with t Sails, will be to another with 4, nearly as 14 to 13. And the Force of another with 1, will be to that with 4, nearly as 13 to p.

As to the common Windmill, its force ftill diminifhes as the Breadth of the Sails is fmaller in proportion to the Height. The ufual Proportion, therefore, of 5 to i, is exceedingly disadvantageous.

The Ufes of this new Theory of Windmills are very

obvious The more Force a Windmill has, the fwifter

it turns; the more it difpatches v and the lefs Wind it needs. Add, that on this Theory, one may have a Wind- mill, whofe Sail fhall be a deal lefs, and yet the Force a deal greater, than in the common one.

W Lbm-Inftraments, in Mufic, ate Inflruments play'd by the Wind, chiefly the Breath j in contradiftinflion to String-lnfirumenrs, and Inflruments of the pulfatile Sound. See Music.

The Wind-Itifiriments known to the Antients, were the Tibia, Fifiala, Syringa of Pan, confiding of (even Reeds join 'd fide-wile ; Organs, Tube, Cornua, and Limits: See Tibia, Fistula, igc. each under the proper Amcle.

Thofe of the Moderns, are the Flute, Bagpipe, Haut- boy, Trumpet, lie. See Flute, Bagpipe, i£c-

WlSD Pro£&, "J CTymPANITES.

Wind Colic, 5- See -cColic.

Wmi) r»«n, ft. J CTuMOR.

WINDASS, Wandass, and Wanlass, corruptly Windlass; a Term in Hunting— —Thus, to drive the Windlafs, fignifies the chafing a Deer to a Star...;, •■ 1 one is ready with a Bow or Gun to fhoot. See Hunt

ING.

Omnes Hit qui tenuerunt in Sondagii tenwa file- bant vocari Cufiumarii : £t quotiefamque TJominus ad venandum venerit, illi Cufiumarii folebant fugare Windaf- fum, ad fiabulum in Venatione ferarum Seftiarum fecun- dum quantitatem Tenune fute. MS. de Con'fuetud. Mane- rii de Sutton Colfield, An. 3. Ed. 2.

WINDLASS, or Windless, a Machine ufed to raife huge Weights withal, as Guns, Stones, Anchors, tgc. See Machine.

Ir is very fimple, confining only of three Pieces of

Wood ; a Roll or Axle-Tree, and a Pully The Pieces

of Wood meet a-top ; being plac'd diagonally, fo as to

prop each othet The Axis or Roller goes thfo' two of

the Pieces, and turns in them The Pully is faften'd

a-top, where the three Pieces join.

Lallly, there are two Levers go thro' the Roll, where- by it is turn'd, and the Rope, which comes over the Pully, is wound oft, and on the fame.

Windlass in a Ship, is a Piece of Timber, having fix or eight Squares, and fix'd abaft the Stern aloft, where the Cables come in from one fide of the Ship to the other ; - ufed in Meal-Ships, and in the Flcmifi Ships, which are lightly mann'd.

This Windlafs will purchafe more by much than any Capflan in the weighing of an Anchor, and without any danger to thofe that heave; becaufe they heave here with Hand-Spikes, put into the Hole at either End of the Windlafs. See Capstan.

WinD-Tackle-Slocks, in a 3hip, are the main double Blocks or Pulleys ; which being made fait to the end of Ship, (ic. See Block, Tackle, S$c.
 * fmall Cable, ferve for the hoifting of Goods into the

To wind or wend a Ship, fignifies to. bring her Head about.

How winds or wends the Skip ? is a Queftion ask'd by- Mariners concerning a Ship under Sail, fignifying as much as, upon what Point of the Compafs does fhe lie with her Head ?

\lis-D-ward Tide, in the Sea-Langmge, * Tide which runs againft the Wind. See Tide,

WIN

WINDOW, q.d. Wind-Z)cor, an Aperture or open Place in the fide of an Houfe, to let in the Air and Light. See Building,. Apertion, Light.

We have various Kinds and Forms of Windows ; ai

Glafs Windows, Wire Windows, Horn Windows, &&-*

Arch'd Windows, Circular Windows, Elliptical Windows, Square and Flat Windows; Round Windows, Oval Win- dows, Gothic Windows, Regular Windows, Ruflic ,W in- dows,iSc. Sky-Lights. See Glass, Glaziery, Lead, Plumbery, Vice, £$c.

Dormer Windows; or Latherns. See Dormer and Luthern.

Tranfim Windows. See Transom.

The chief Rules with regard to Windows are r. That

they be as few in Number, and as moderate in Dimen- fions, as may confift with other Refpects ; inafmucb as all' Openings are Weakenings- — 2. That they be pla- ced at a convenient Diilance from the Angles, or Corners of the Building ; becaufe that part ought not to be open and infeebled, whofe Office is to fupport and faften all the reft of the Building 3. That Care be taken the Win- dows be all equal one with another in their Rank and Or- der; fo that thofe on the right hand may anfwer to thofe on the left, and thofe above be right over thofe below : for this Situation of Windows will not only be handfome and uniform ; but alfo the Void being upon the Void, and the Full upon the Full, it will be a fttengthening to the whole Fabrick.

As to their Dimenfions, Care is to be ufed neither to give them more, nor lefs Light than is needful ; therefore re- gard is to be had to the Bignefs of the Rooms which are to receive the Light. 'Tis evident that a great Room needs more Light, and confequently a greater Window than a little Room ; and ^ contra.

The Apertures of Windows in middle-fized Houfes, may

be four and a half, or five Feet between the Jambs ; and

in the greater Buildings, fix and a half, or feven Feet ;

and their Height may be double the Length at the lead

But in high Rooms, or larger Buildings, the

Height may be a third, a fourth, or half their Breadth, more than double their Length.

Such are the Proportions for Windows of the firft Story ;

.cording to thefe muft thofe in the upper Stories be

BreadtE; but as to Height, they muft diminifh : the

Story may be one third part lower than the firft,

a i.iird Story one fourth part lower than the fecond.

S. .B.Y.

VI DOW, in Anatomy, fjc. See Fenestra.

W I - D taught, a Sea-Term, implying as much as, ftiff in he h md.

Thus vhey fay, a thing is taught, when it is ftiff-

So, too much Rigging, high Ropes, or any thing catching or holding it ind aloft, is faid to hold a Ship Wind-taught ; by which they mean, that fhe ftoops too much in her Sail- ing, in a ftiff Gale of Wind. Again, when a Ship rides in a mam ilrefs of Wind and Weather, they ftrike down her Top-malts, and bring her Yards down, which elfe would hold too much Wind, or be too much diftended.

WINE, Vinum, a brisk, agreeable, and fpirituous Juice, drawn from vegetable Bodies, and fermented. See Vege- table and Fermentation.

The Character of a Wins, according to Boerbaave, is, that the firft thing it affords by Diftillarion, be a thin, fat- ty, inflammable, &c. Fluid; call'd a Spirit. See Spi- rit.

This difji nguifhes Wines from another Clafs of fermented vegetable Juices, viz. Vinegars; which, inftead of fuch Spirit, yield, for the firft thing, an acid, uninflammable Matter. See Vinegar.

All forts of Vegetables, Fruits, Seeds, Roots, tfc. affotd Wine; as Grapes, Currants, Mulberries, Elder, Cherries Apples, Pulfe, Beans, Peafe, Turnips, Radifhes, and even Grafs itfelf. See Vinous Liquor.

Hence, under the Clafs of Wines, or Vinous Liquors come Wine, abfolutely fo call'd, Ale, Cyder, ci?c. See Malt Liquor, Ale, Cyder £c?c.

Wine, is in a more particular manner appropriated to that drawn from the Fruit of the Vine, by (lamping its Grapes in a Vat, or crufhing and expreffing the Juice out of them in a Prefs, and then fermenting, &c. See Vine, and Vineyard.

The Goodnefs of Wine confifts in its being net, dry, clear, fine, brisk, without any Tafte of the Soil, of a clean, fteddy Colour ; in its having a Strength, without being heady; a Body, without being four; and its keep- ing, without growing hard.

Wine being a Liquor moftly of foreign Produce ; the divers Names, Forms, Kinds, Diftinffions, gfc, thereof, are borrow'd from the Countries where 'tis produe'd ; the principal whereof, at this day, is France : To Wines of

which