Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/10

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JA

In Comedies the Authors feldom confine themfelves more, frequently lefs, as we may obferve in Plautus and Terence : but the fixth is always indifpenfibly an Iambus.

As to the Varieties, occasioned by the Number of Syl- lables, we call an Iambic, or Vimetre Iambic, that which has but four Feet:

Qxermtur in Syhis Aks. Thofe which have fix are called Trhnetres : Thefe are the moil beautiful, and are ufed principally for the Thea- tre, particularly in Tragedy ; wherein they are vaiUy pre- ferable to the Verfes of ten or twelve Feet ufed in our modern Drama, in regard they come nearer to the Nature of Profe, and favour lefs of Art and Affectation.

Dii Conjugates Lucina Cujhs,

tuque venialis Tori &c,

Thofewith eightare called in Comedies :

Pecuniam in Loco negligere maximum 'mterdum eji Lu- crum. Terence.

Some add an Iambic Monometrc, with two Feet :

Virtus heat. They are called Monornetres, Dimetres, Trhnetres, and Te- trametres, that is, of one, two, three, and four Meafures, becaufea Meafure conhfted of two Feet, the Greeks mea- furing their "Verfes two Feet by two Feet, or by Epi- trites, joining the Iambus and Spondee together. Allrhe Iambics hitherto mentioned are perfect 5 they have their juft Number of Feet, without any thing either deficient or redundant. The imperfect Iambics are of three kinds, the CataleBic, which want a Syllable ;

Muf<£ govern canebant. ThcBrachycatalectic, which want an entire Foot 5

Mufee Jovis Gnat*. The Hypercatale£tic t which have either a Foot or a Sylla- ble too much :

Muf<? Sorores funt Minerva,

Mufec Soror.es Falladis [agent.

Many of the Hymns and Anthems, ufed in the Church, are Dimetre Iambics, that is, confining of four Feet. S. JAMES of the Sword, a Military Order in Spain inft

(36-6-)

which they flick into a little Cafe in the forepart of the Bonnet. Their Arms in Europe, in a time of War, are a Sabre, a Carabine, or Mufquet, and a Cartouch-Box , hanging on the left Side. At Conjiantinople, in a time^of Peace, they wear only a Staff in their Hand. In Jfis, where Powder and Fire- Arms are more uncommon, they.. wear a Bow and Arrows, with a Poniard, which they c^li. I Baniare. The Janizaries were heretofore a Body formi- dable even to their Matters the Grand Signiors : Ofman. they firft {tripped of his Empire, and afterwards of his '-_-■ Life 3 and Sultan Ibrahim they depofed, and at laftftran- • gled in theCaftle of the, Seven Towers ; but they are now much lefs confiderable. Their Number is not fixed. The Janizaries are Children of Tribute, raifed by the Turks on the Chriftians, and bred up to the military Life. They are taken at the Age of twelve Tears, to the end, that; forgetting their Country and their Religion, they may res and are only ufed know no other Parent but the Sultan. However, gene- rally fpeaking, they are not now-a-days raifed by way of Tribute 5 for the Carach, or Tax, which the Turks im- pofe on the Chriflians, for allowing them the Liberty d.f their Religion, is now paid in Money, excepting in fomc Places, where Money being fcarcc, the People are una- ble to pay in Specie, as in Mmgrelia, and other Provinces near the Black-Sea. The Officer who commands the whole Body of Janizaries, is called Janizar Jgaji ; in Englijh, Agaof the Janizaries, who is one of the chief Officers of the Empire. Tho' the Janizaries are not prohibited Mar- riage, yet they rarely marry, nor then, but with the Con- fent of their Officers, as imagining a married Man to make a worfe Soldier than a Batchelor. It was Ofman, or Ottoman, or, as others will have it, -/fmuratb, who firft initituted the Order of 'Janizaries. They were at firft called J.ya, that is, Footmen, to diftinguifh them from the other Turks, the Troops whereof confiited moftly of Caval- ry. Menage, after Vaffus, derives the Word from Genizers, which, in their Language, fignifies Novas Homines, or M- lites. Herbelot tells us, that Jenitcheri &gni£es anew Band or Troop, and that the Name was firft given by Jmurathl. called the Conqueror, who chufing out one fifth part of the Chriflian Prifoners, whom he had taken from the Greeks, and inftructing them in the Discipline of War, and the Doctrines of their Religion, fent them to Hagi Bektaf- che (a Perfon whofe pretended Piety rendered him ex- tremely revered among the Turks') to the end that he mightconfer his Bleffing on them, and at the fame time give them fome Mark to diftinguifh them from the reft

tuted in 1170. under thc^ Reign of Ferdinand W.K'mg of of the Troops. Bektafche, after bleffing them in his man- ner, cutoff one of the Sleeves of the Fur-Gown which he had on, and' put it on the Head of the Leader of this new Militia; from which time, viz. the Year of Chrift igtfi, they have itill retained the Name Jenitcheri, and the Fur-bonnet. . Viginerus tells us, that the Difcipline ob- ferved among the Janizaries is extremely conformable, in a great many things, to that ufed in the Roman Legions. J"ANIZARY,atKo?«<?, is the Name of an Officer or Pen- that have been noble for four Generations on fioner of the Pope, called alfo Participant, by reafon of
 * They muft alio make it appear, that their certain Rights or Dues which they have in the Annates,

Leon and Galicia. Its End was to put a flop to the Incur- sions of the Moors 5 three Knights obliging themfelves by a Vow to fecure the Roads. An Union was propofed and agreed to in 1170, between thefe and the Canons of St, Eloy j and the Order was confirm'd by the Pope in 1175. The higheft Dignity in this Order, is that of Grand Ma- iler, which has been united to the Crown of Spain. The Knights are obliged to make proof of their Defcent from Families, both fides

faid Auceflors have neither been Jews, Saracens, nor Here- Bulls, or "Expeditions of the Roman Chancellory. Moft tics, nor ever to have been called in queftion by the In- Authors are miftaken in the nature of their Office 5 but quifition. The Novices are obliged to ferve fix Months the truth is, they are Officers of the third Bench or Col- in the Galleys, and to live a Month in a Monaftery 5 lege of the Roman Chancellory. The firft Bench whereof heretofore they were truly Religious, and took a Vow of confifts of Writers, the fecond of Abbreviators, and the Celibacy: But Jlexanderlll. gave them a Permiflion to third of Janizaries, who are a kind of Correctors and Re-

marry. They now make no Vows but of Poverty, Obe- dience, and Conjugal Fidelity j to which, fince the Year 11552, they have added that of defending the immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin. Their Habit is a white Cloak with a red Crofs on the Bread. This is efteem'd the moft confiderable of all the Military Orders in Spain. The King carefully} preferves the Office of Grand Mailer publifhed his Book, entitled

in his own Family, on account of the rich Revenues and Offices, whereof he gives them the Difpofal. The Num- ber of Knights is much greater now than formerly, all the Grandees chufing rather to be received into this, than into the Order of the Golden Fleece j inafmuch as this puts them in a fair way of attaining to Commands, and gives them many confiderable Privileges in all the Pro- vinces of Spain, but efpecially in Catalonia.

fersof the Pope's Bulls.

JANSENISM, the Doctrine of Cornelius Janfen, com- monly called Janfenius, late Bifhop of Tpres in France, with relation to Grace and Free- Will. Janfenifm made no great Noife in the World, till after the Death of its Author in i£;8. when Fromondand Calenus, his Executors,

The whole Doc-

trine was reduced by the Bifhops of France into five Pro- positions, which follow : I. Some Commands of God are impofiible to righteous Men, even tho' they endeavour, with all their Powers, to accomplish them : the Grace be- ing wanting by which they fhould be enabled to perform them. II. In the State of corrupted Nature, a Man never refifts inward Grace. III. To merit and demerit in the prefent State of corrupt Nature, 'tis not requifite a Man

JANIZARIES, the Grand Signior's Guard, orSoldiers fhould have that Liberty which excludes NecefTity : that

in the Turhjh Infantry. As, in the Turfafij Army, the Eu ropean Troops arc diftinguifhed from thofe ofW/?n,the Jani- zaries are alfo diftinguifhed into Janizaries of Coajtantmople and of Damafcus. Their Pay is from two Afpers to twelve per Diem ? for when they have a Child, or do any fignal Piece of Service, their Pay is augmented. Their Dre fs

which excludes Conftraint is fufficient. IV. The Semi- Felagians admitted the Neceffity of inward preventing Grace to each AS in particular, and even to the begin- ning of Faith ; but they were Heretics, in regard they afferted that this Grace was fuch, as that the Will of Man might either refift or obey it. V. It is Semi-Felagianifn

confifts of a Dolyman, or long Robe, with fiiort Sleeves, to fay, that Jefus Chrift died, or fhed his Blood for all which is given them annually, by the Grand Signior, on Men in general. Janfenifm confifts in maintaining this the firft Day of Ramazan. They wear no Turban, but Doctrine, which is done two ways 5 (1.) By offer ting that in lieu of that a kind of Bonnet, which they call Zarcola, thefe Propofitions are found and orthodox, (z.) In affirm- ant! a long Hood of the lame Stuff hanging on theirShoul- ing that they are evil and heretical in the Senfe wherein dere. On folemn Days they adorn them with Feathers, the Church has condemned theiri 3 but that this Senfe is

not