Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/980

 HEA

[ 228 1

HEA

moft numerous, whereinto the Liquor mull be received, to be able fuddenly to diffipate the Corpufcles of Lime into their minuter Particles.

Thefe Phenomena, according to Mr. Boyle, feem to /hew, that the Difpofition which Lime has to grow hot with Water, greatly depends 011 fome peculiar Texture ; fince the aqueous Parts, which one would think capable of quenching moft of the fiery Atoms, fuppofed to adhere to Quick-lime, did not near fo much weaken the Difpo- fition of It to Heat, as that Accefs of the fpirituous Cor- pufcles, and their Contexture with thofe of the Lime increas'd it.

Yet, in other Places, he appears rather to give into the Corpufcular Scheme : Urging, that if inftead of cold Water, you quench the Lime with hot Water, the Ebulli- tion will be, oftentimes, far greater than if the Liquor were cold ; which indeed might well be expefted, hot Water being much fitter than cold, fuddenly to pervade the Body of the Lime, and haftily diffolve, and fet at Liberty, the fiery and faline Parts, wherewith it abounds. And what a greater Intcreft Salts may have in producing fuch Heats than cold Water, he has alfo tried, by pouring acid Spirits, and particularly Spirit of Salt, upon good Quick-lime : For by this Means there would be a far greater Degree of Heat excited, than if he had ufed com- mon Water 5 and this, whether he employed the Spirit cold or hot.

It is not eafy, fays the fame Author, to apprehend how fuch light and minute Bodies, fhould be fo long detained, as mult by this Hypothefis be allowed, in Quick-lime efpecially; fince no great Heat enfues the pouring of Water upon Minium, or Crocus Mxrtis per fe, tho' they have been calcined by a violent Fire, the Effluvia whereof feem to adhere to them, by the Increafe of the Weight the Lead and Iron manifeftly receive from the Operation of it. Meek Orig. of Heat.

Heat, in the Animal Oeconomy, Natural Heat, Vital Heat. See Calidum Innatum. See alfo Heart and Blood.

Heat, in Chymiftry. See Fire and Bath.

Heat, in Smithery, $5c. See Iron.

Heat, is alfo ufed in Rcfpedr. of Race-Horfes, for the Exercifes to be given them by Way of Preparation, &c. See Horse.

Two Heats in a Week are reckon'd a juft Mcafure for any Horfe of what State or Conftitution whatever. — >Thc Jockies lay it down as a Rule, that one of the Heats be given on the fame Day of the Week, whereon the Horfe is to run his Match ; and this to be the fharpeft Heat.

HEATHEN, See Pagan.

HEAVE, at Sea, fignifies to throw away, or fling any Thing over-board. — When a Ship, being at Anchor, rifes and falls by the Force of the Waves, Jlie is alfo faid to Heave and fet.

To Heave at the Capfain, fignifies to turn it about. See Catstain.

To Heave a Flag aboard, is to hang it out. See Flag, Signal.

To Heave out the Top-fails, is to put them abroad. Sec Top-sail.

HTLAvz-Offeriftgs, under the y<?w//!&-Law, were the firft Fruits given to the Prieft. See FiRST-jFra/>.

HEAVEN, Cajlum, an Azure, tranfparent Orb, inveft- ing our Earth ; wherein the Celeftial Bodies perform their Motions. See Earth, &c.

This is the popular Notion of Heaven ; for the Word, it mull be obicrved, has various other Ideas, in the Lan- guage of Philofophers, Divines and Aftronomers : Agree- ably to which, we may lay down divers Heavens, as the Highejt, or Empyrean Heaven ; the Ethereal, or Starry, Heaven ; the 'Planetary Heaven, &c.

Heaven, among Divines, call'd alfo the Empyrean Heaven, is the Abode of God, and bleffed Spirits ; as Angels, and the Souls of the righteous deccas'd. See God, Angel, &c.

This is alfo frequently call'd in Scripture the Kingdom of Heaven ; the Heaven of Heavens ; and by St. Paul, the third Heaven ; fometimes Paradife > the New Je- rufalem, &c. See Empyrean, &c.

This Heaven is conceiv'd as a Place in fome remote Part of infinite Space, wherein the Deity is pleas'd to af- ford a nearer, and more immediate View of himfelf ; a more fenfible Manifestation of his Glory ; a more adequate Perception of his Attributes, than in the other Parts of the Univerfe, where he is like wife prefent. See Universe, Omnipresence, &c.

This makes what the Divines alfo call the 'Beatifick Vifion. See Vision.

Authors are much divided as to the Reality of fuch Local Heaven. — In this Senfe of the Word, Heaven Hands op- pofed to Hell. See Hell.

The infpned Writers give us very magnificent Deferip- tions of Heaven, the Structure, Apparatus, and Attendance thereof; particularly Ifaiab, and St. John the Divine.

— The Philofopher Plato, in his 2)ial. de An'nn. fpcaks of Heaven in Terms that bear fo near a Refemblance to thofe of Scripture ; that Eufebius charges him with bor- rowing his Account thence. T)e Pr<epar. Evangel. L. XI. C. 37.

The antient Romans had a Kind of Heaven in their Syftem of Theology, call'd Elyfmm, or the Eiyfian Fields. See Elysian Fields.

The Mahometan Heaven, or Paradife, is very grofs, agreeably to the Genius of their Religion. See Maho- metanism, Alcoran, &c.

Heaven, among Aftronomers, call'd alfo the Etherial and Starry Heaven, is that immenfe Region wherein the Stars, Planets and Comets are difpofed. Sec Star, Planet, &c.

This is what Mofes calls the Firmament, fpeaking of it as the Work of the fecond Days Creation ; at leaft 'tis thus the Word JJ1P*T is ufually render'd by his Interpreters; tho* this fomewhat abufively, to countenance their own Notion of the Heavens being Solid. — ■ The Word, 'tis certain, properly fignifies no more than Expanfe, or Ex- tenfion ; a Term very well adapted by the Prophet to the Imprcffion which the Heavens make on our Senfes : Whence, in other Parts of Scripture, the Heaven is com- pared to a Curtain, or a Tent ftretch'd out to dwell in.

— The T.XX. firft added to this Idea of Expanfion, that of Firm or Solid ; rendering it by <x?sapa 7 according to the Philofophy of thofe Times ; in which they have been follow'd by the Modern Translators.

The later Philofophers, as Cartes, Kircher, &c. have cafiiy demonstrated this Heaven not to be Solid, but Fluid ; but they ft ill fuppofe it full, or perfectly denfe, without any Vacuity, and canton'd out into fo many Vortices. See vEther, Cartesianism, G?c.

But others carry the Thing much further, and overturn not only the Solidity, but the fuppofed Plenitude of the Heavens. — Sir Ifaac Newton has abundantly Jliewn the Heavens void of aim oft all Refiftancc, and confequeurly of almoft all Matter; from the Phenomena of the Celeftial Bodies ; from the Planets perfifting in their Motions without any fenfible Diminutions of their Velocity ; and the Comets freely paffing in all Directions towards all Parts of the Heavens. See Resistance, Pbanet, Comet, Vortex, £?c.

Heaven, taken in this general Senfe, for the whole Expanfe between our Earth and the remotcft Regions of the fix'd Stars, may be divided into two very unequal Parts, according to the Matter found therein, Was, the Atmofphere, or Serial Heaven, poffcfs'd by Air ; and the JEtherial Heaven, po.'Iefs'd by a thin, unrefifting Me- dium, call'd JEther. See Atmosphere, Air, jEther and Medium.

Heaven, is more particularly ufed in Aftronoiny, for an Orb, or Circular Region of the ^Etherial Heaven- Sec Orb.

The antient Aftronomers a (fumed as many different Heavens, as they obferved different Motions therein. - — . Thefe they fuppofed all to be Solid, as thinking they could not otherwife fuftain the Bodies fix'd in them ; and Spherical, as being the molt proper Form for Motion.

Thus they had feven Heavens for the feven Planets, viz. ' — The Heavens of the Moon, of Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. See Planet, S5V.

The eighth was for the fix'd Stars, which they parti- cularly call'd the Firmament. See Firmament.

Ptolomy added a ninth Heaven, which he call'd the Primum Mobile. See Mobile.

After him two Crypt al line Heavens were added, by King Alphonfus, Ike. to account for fome Irregularities in the Motions of the other Heavens : And, laftly, an Empyrean Heaven was drawn over the whole, for the Rclidence of the Deity; which made the Number twelve. See Em- pyrean, i$c.

The Cryftalline Heavens, were not fuppofed to have any Stars fixed in them : They incompals'd the inferior, Starry and Planetary Heavens ; and communicated their Motion to them. — The firft ferved to account for that flow Motion of the fix'd Stars, whereby they advance a Degree Eaftward in 70 Years ; whence the Preccflion of the Equinox. The fecond was to folve the Motions of Libration, or Trepidation. See Precession, Libration, Trepidation, cifc.

But others admitted many more Heavens, according as their different Views, and Hyporhefcs required.- — Eudoxus fuppofed 25, Calippus 30, Regiomontanus 35, Arifotle 47, and Fracajior 70.

We may add, that the Aftronomers did not much con- cern themfelves whether the Heavens^ they thus allow'd of,

were