Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/962

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HAR

St. Irensut, St. Bafil, and St. Epiphanlus, have ap- peared againft the Notion.

'Pre-efiablift 'd Harmony, a celebrated Syftem ot M. Leibnitz-, by Means whereof he accounts for the Union or Communication between the Soul and Body. See Soul, &c.

The Philofophers had univcrfally held that the Soul and Body ad really and phyfically on each other. — Des Cartes firft appear'd, and fhew'd that the Heterogeneity of their Nature did not allow of fuch real Union; and that they could only have an apparent one, whereof God is the Mediator. See Cause.

Mr. Leibnitz, unfatisfied with either of thefe Hypothefes, eftabli flies a third. — A Soul, or Spirit, he obferves, is to have a certain Series of Thoughts, defires and wills : A Body, which is only a Machine, is to have a certain Se- ries of Motions, to be determined by the Combination of its mechanical Difpofition, with the Impreffions of ex- ternal Objects.

If, now, there be found a Soul and a Body fo framed, that the whole Series of Wills of the Soul, and the whole Series of Motions of the Body, exactly correfpond ; and that at the fame Time, for Initance, when the Soul defires to go to any Place, the two Feet move mechanically that Way : This Soul and Body will have a Relation to one another, not by any actual Union between them, but by the conflant and perpetual Correfpondence of the feveral Actions of both. « — Now, God puts together this Soul and Body, which had fuch a Correfpondence antecedent to their Union ; fuch a pre-eftablift'd Harmony. — And the fame is to be underftood of all the other Souls and Bodies, that have been or ever will be joyn'd.

In Effect, the Laws of Motion in the Body, fucceeding in the Order of Efficient Caufes, do alio agree and correfpond with the Ideas of the Soul ; fo that the Body is determined to act at the Time when the Soul wills.

The fame Principle he extends further, and makes a pre-ejiablijj/d Harmony between the Kingdoms of Nature and Grace ; to account for the apparent Communication between them, and make phyiical and moral Evil cor- refpond. Sec Grace, Evil, &c.

Such is the Syftem of pre-eliablim'd Harmon; 7, Har- raonie pre-etabile. ■ — The Author's Way of ftating and inforcing it, may be feen in his EJJais de Theodicee.

Harmony, in Anatomy. SccHarmoniA.

HARMOSTES, in Antiquity, a Sort of Magiftrate among the Spartans -^ whereof there were feveral in Num- ber. — • Their Bufinefs was to look to the Building of Citadels, and repairing the Forts, and Fortifications of the Cities.

The Word is Greek, Vtypfaty form'd of <*p//a Du Conge obferves, that the Word Hamejium is ufed in the cor- rupt Latin, in the fameScnfe; and that it comes from the High-Dutch, Hamas, or Hamifch. Others derive it from the Italian, arnefe. Others from the Celtic, Harms, a Cuirafs.

Harness, is alfo ufed for the Furniture put on a Horfe, to draw in a Coach, Waggon, or other Carriage $ as Collars, Leathers, Traces, &c.

KARO, in the Cuftoms of Normandy, a Cry whereby to invoke the Help and Affiftance of the Officers of Ju- flice, £?c. See Cry.

When any Perfon finds his Man, and would carry him before the Judge : Upon hearing the Haro, he is obliged to follow the Perfon who has cried it on him $ and both of them either remain in Prifon, or put in Bail.

The Letters of the French Chancery have ufually this Claufe, Non objlant Clameur de Haro, &c.

The Haro had anciently fuch vaft Power, that a poor Man of the City of Caen, named AJJelin, in virtue hereof, arretted the Corps of William the Conqueror, in the middle of the Funeral Proceffion, till fuch Time as his Son Henry had paid the Value of the Land in Queftion ; which was that whereon the Chapel was built, where he was in- terr'd.

The Word is commonly derived of Ha and Roul, as being fuppofed an Invocation of the Soveraign Power, to affift the Weak againft the Strong, on Occafion of Raoul firft Duke of Normandy, about the Year 912 ; who render'd him- felf venerable to his Subjects, by the Severity of his Juftice: So that they calFd on him even after his Death, when they fuffer'd any Oppreflion.

Guill. Gui&ft fpeaks of the ha Rous, (1, e. ha Roul) as a Military Cry brought into Neuftria by the Normans, under the Conduct of Raoul. Others fay, that during his Life-time, they ufed to cry a Raoul, I cite you to appear before Raoul, by Reafon he adminiiter'd Juiticc to his Subjects in Perfon. But others, as M. Cafeneuve, take all thefe Etymologies to be falfe ; and fuppofe the Word Haro, to have been a Cry long before Duke Raoul. Some derive it from Harola King of 'Denmark, who in the Year %%6, was made Grand Confervator of Juftice at Mentz. Others, laflly, derive it from the Dauijb aa rati, fignifying help me ; a Cry rais'd by the Normans, in flying from a King of 'Denmark, named Roux, who made himfclt Duke of Normandy.

HARP, a Mufical Instrument, of the String Kind ; being of a triangular Figure, and placed an End between the Legs to be play!d on. See Instrument.

There is fome Diverfity in the Structure of Harps. ■ — ■ That call'd the 'Triple Harp, has 78 Strings, or Chords, in three Rows, 49 in each, which make four Octaves : The firft Row is for the Semitones ; and the third is in Unifon with the firft. There are two Rows of Pins, or Screws, on the right Side, ferving to keep the Strings tight in their Holes, which are faften'd at the other End to three Rows of Pins on the upper Side.

This Inftrument is ftruck with the Finger and Thumb of both Hands. Its Mufic is much like that of the Spi- nett; all its Strings going from Semitone to Semitone: Whence fome call it an inverted Spinet t. SccSpinett.

It is capable of a much greater Degree of Perfection than the Lute. See Lute.

King David is ufually painted with a Harp in his Hands ; but we have no Teltimony in all Antiquity, that the Hebrew Harp, which they call Chinnor, was any Thing like ours. -Ona Hebrew Medal of Simon Machabeeus we fee two Sorts of Mufical Inftrumcnts; but they are both of them very different from our Harp, and only confift of three or four Strings.

Capias, and du Cange after him, will have the Harp to have took its Name from the Arpi, a People of Italy, who were the firft that invented it 5 and from whom it was borrowed by other Nations.

All Authors agree, that it is very different from the Lyra, Cythara, or Barbiton, ufed among the Romans. See Lyra.

Fortunatus, L. VII. Carm. 8. witnefTes, that it was an Inftrument of the Barbarians.

Romanufq; Lyra, plaudet tibi Barbarus Harpa Greens Achilliaca, Crotta Britannia canat.

Menage, See. derive the Word from the Latin, Harpa $ and that horn the German, herp, or harpff. Others bring it from the Latin Carpo, becaufe touch'd, or thrum'd with the Fingers. Dr. Hicks derives it from Harpa, or Hearpa, which fignify the fame Thing ; the firft in the Language of the Cimbri, the fecond in that of the Anglo Saxons.

The Euglijb Prieft who wrote the Life of St. Dunflan, and who lived with him in the Xth Century, fays, C. z. N. 12. Sumpfit fecum ex More Citharam juam, quam paterni lingua Hearpam vocamus 5 which intimates the Word to be Anglo-Saxon.

HARPIES, Harpyje, in Antiquity, a Sort of fabulous Monfters, of the Bird-Kind, mention'd among the Poets.

They are reprefented with Wings, Ears like Bears, Bodies like Vultures, Faces like Women, and Feet and Hands hooked like the Talons of Birds of Prey. See Virgil, JEneid. L. HI. who gives a Defcription of them.

The Ancients looked on the Harpies, as a Sort of Genii, or Daemons. ■ — ■ Some make them the Daughters of Te litis and Oceanus, the Earth and Ocean ; whence, fays Servius, it is, that they inhabit an Ifland, half on Land, and half in Water. Valerius Flaccus makes them the Daughters of Typhon.

There were three Harpies, Aello, Ocypete, and Celcsno, which laft Homer calls Fodarge. ■ — Hefiod, in his Theogony, v. z6~j. only reckons two, Aello and Ocypete ; and makes them the Daughters of Thaumas and Bleclra; affirming, that they had Wings, and went with the Rapidity of the Wind. Zephirus begat of them B alius and Xa?tthus, Achilles^ Horfes. Fherecydes relates, that the Boreades expcll'd them from the JEgean and Sicilian Seas, and purfued them as far as the Iflands, which he calls c Plot£ ; and Homer, Calyn<e-j and which have iince been calfd Stro-

Vojjlus, de Idolol. L. III. C. 99. p. (S3, thinks, that what the Ancients have reJated of the Harpies, agrees to no other Birds fo well as the Bats, found in the Territories of Darien in South America. — Thefe Animals kill not only Birds, but Dogs and Cats 5 and prove very trouble-

fome