Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/941

 GUE

(W )

GUL

GUET, a French Term of War, fignifying Watch; par- ticularly ufed for a Perfon potted as a <£/;>> in any Place, to have an Eye thereto, and give Notice of what paffes. See Centinel, Sentry,^.

Guet is alfo ufed for a Corps dc Garde ported at any Paffage; or Company of Guards who go en the Patrol. See Watch.

Some Officers are exempted from Guet and Guard, i. e. Watch and Ward.

In the fame Senfe they fay Guet de Nuit, Night Watch : MotdeGaet, Watch- Word: GuctRoyal: Guet Sour geoife,tkc. The Chevalier dc Guet, is the Officer who commands the Guet Royal, or Royal Watch.

GUEULE, in Architecture. See Gula. GUIDON, a fort of Flag, or Standard bore by the King's Life-Guard; being broad at one Extreme, and almoil pointed at the other, and Hit or divided into two. See Flag, Standard,^,

The Guidon is the Enfign or. Flag of a Troop of Horfe- Guards. See Guard.

Guidon is alfo the Officer who bears the Guidon. The Guidon is that in the Horfe-Guards, which the En- fign is in the Foot. See Ensign.

The Guidon of a Troop of Horfe takes place next below the Cornet.

Guidons, Guidones, or Schola Guidonum, was a Com- pany of Priefts, eftablifhed by Charlemaign at Rome, to conduct and guide Pilgrims to Jerusalem, to vifit the holy Places ■ to aflift them in cafe they fell lick, and to perform the laft Offices to them in cafe they died. GUIDRIGILD. See Weregild. GUILD, Geld, or Gild. See Gild. GUILD Hall, or Gild-Hall, the great Court of Judicature for the City of London. See Hall.

In it are kept the Mayor's Court, the Sheriffs Court, the Court of Huftings, Court of Confcienee, Court of Common- Council, Chamberlain's Court, &c. See Mayors-Court, Common-Council, Chamberlain, £5>c. Here alfo the Judges fit upon Nifi firius, Sec. GUINEA, a Gold Coin itruck, and current in England. See Coin.

The Value or Rate of Guineas has varied : It was firft firuck on the Footing of 20 Shillings; by the Scarcity of Gold it has fince advanced to 21 Shillings and 6 Pence; but is now funk to 21 Shillings.

The Pound Weight Troy of Gold is cut into Forty-four Parts and an halt; each Part makes a Guinea. See Gold. This Coin took its Denomination Guinea, by reafon the Gold whereof the firft were firuck, was brought from that Part of Africa called Guinea; for which Reason it likewife bore the lmpreffion of an Elephant. G'uiNEA-'i > £^/'i, r '?-. See Pepper.

GULA, in Anatomy, the Gullet $ or that Conduit by which Animals take down Food into the Stomach. See Diglutition.

GULE, Gueule, or Gola, in Architecture, a wavy Member, whofe Contour refembles the Letter S; called by the Greeks Cymatium, q. d. a little Wave, and by our Work- men an Ogee. See Cymatium and Ogee.

This Member is of two Kinds, rcEla and invcrfa : The firft, and principal, has its Cavity above, and Con- vexity below. This always makes the Top of the Corona of the Cornice, jetting over the Drip of the Cornice like a Wave ready to fall.

It is called Gula retfa, and by the French Doncine. Sometimes it is abfolutely called the Entablature, as being the firft or uppermoft Member thereof. See Doucine, Cop.ona, Cornice, %$c.

The fecond is juft the reverfe of the former, its Cavity being at the Bottom; fo that it appears inverted, with re- gard to the former. This is ufed in the Architrave, and fometimes in the Cornice, along with the former, only fepa- rated by a Reglet.

Some derive the Word from the Refemblance thefe Mem- bers bear to the Gula, or Throat of a Man : Others from the Herald's Term Gules; as fuppofing the Moulding form- ed from the antient manner of wearing their Garments, which conlifted of Slips or Swaths, alternately Fur and Stuff of various Colours; the Intervals between which, were called Gules or Guales.

GULES, in Heraldry, fignifies the Colour Red. See Colour and Red.

The fame Colour, in the Coats of Noblemen, is, byfomc, called Ruby; and in thofe of fovereign Princes Mars : but this is no ft an ding Practice. Sec Metal, PretiousStone.^c. In Engraving, Gules is cxnrefs'd by perpendicular Strokes drawn from the Top of the Efcucheon to the Bottom, with the Letter G.

This Colour is reputed a Symbol of Charity, Valour, Hardi- nefs, Generofity; and reprelents Blood Colour, Cinnabar and true Scarlet. It is the firft of all Colours ufed in Armory; and is of that account, that anriently it was prohibited any Perfon to wear Gules in his Coat Armour, unlefs he were a Prince, or had Permiflicn from the Prince, Spelman in his

Afpihgia, fays this Colour was particularly honour'd by the Romans, as it had been before by the Tro\ans; and that they painted the Bodies of their Gods, and of their Gene- rals that triumph'd, with Vermillion— Under the Confuls, the Roman Soldiers wore Red; whence they were denomi- nated RuJJati. John de Sado Aurco adds, that the Red Garment, which the Greeks call ^Phtenician, and we Scar- let, was firft ufed by the Remans^ to prevent feeing of the Blood iffue from Wounds in Fight.

In effect, Gules has always been eftcem'd an Imperial Colour; the Emperors were cloathed, /hod, and had their Appartments furnim'd with Red : Their EdiSs, Dil'patchcs, Signatures, and Seals, were of Red-Ink, and Red Wax; whence the Name Rubricks. See Rubric.

Fa. Mo-net derives the Word Gules, Guenlcs, from the Hebrew Gulud, and Guludit, a reddim Pellicle or Skin ap- pearing on a Wound when it begins to heal : But F. Mene- ftrier reproaches him, that there were no fuch Words in the Hebrew Tongue. This, however, is not true: All the Eaftern Languages, the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabs, fay n^j, Ghcled, for Cutis, <Pellis; when the Ara-. bic Gulud. And in the general, the Word Gules fignifies Red among moll of the oriental Nations: The Arabs and (Perfians give the Name to the Rofe.

Others, with Nicod, derive the Name Gules from GtiU; the Throats of Animals, being generally Red, whence the Latin Cufculium, of the Greek kh^ko^ Scarlet Grain. GULLET. See Oesophagus."

GULPH, or Gulf, in Geography, an Arm or Part of the Ocean running up within the Land. — Such is the Gulph of Venice, called alfo the Adriatic Sea; the Gulph of Lyons, the Gulph of Mexico, of Florida, Sic. See Ocean.

A Gulph is ffriclly diftinguifhed from a Sea, in that that the latter is larger. See Sea. From a Say, or Sinus, it is again diftingui/hed by its being greater than the fame. See Bay.

Some will have it effential to a Gulph, to run into the Land thro' a Streight or narrow Paftagc. Sec Stp.eicht.

The Sea is always molt dangerous hear Gulphs, by rea- fon of the Currents being penn'd up by the Shores. The Word is form'd of the Greek xoAtoj • which Guichart again derives from the Hebrew DT)J, Gob.!Z)u Cange derives it from the barbarous Latin Gulfmn or Gulfus, which fignifies the fame Thing.

GUM, Gummi, a vegetable Juice exfuding thro' the Pores of certain Plants, and there hardening into a tenaci- ous tranfparent Mais. See Plant.

Gum is properly one of the Juices of the Bark : It is drawn thence by the Sun's Warmth, in Form of a glutinous Humour; and by the fame Caufe [is afterwards infpiffated 9 concoffed, and render'd tenacious

The Chara&er of Gums, whereby they are diftinguillied from Refins and other vegetable Juices, is, that they arc diffoluble in Water, and at the fame Time inflammable by Fire. See Menstruum, Water, and Fire.

In the general they are more vifcid, and left finable, and generallydiffolubleinanyaqueousMenflruum; whereasRefins are more lulphurous, and require a fpirituous DiiTolvent. Soerhaavc confiders a Gum as a fort of faponaceous Fat; which befide its oily Principle in common with a Refin, has fome other Ingredient that renders it mifcible with Wa- ter. See Resin.

Gums are different, according to the different Trees, Roots, &c. they ouze from : Some Authors diflringuifh. them. into Aqueous, and Rcjinous Gums : The firft, thofe diffolu- ble in Water, Wine, and the like Fluids; The fecond, thofe only diffoluble in Oil.

To thefe two fome add a third anomalous Kind, viz. thofe foluble with much Difficulty either in Water or Oil.

Among the Clafs of Gums are ufually ranked, Gtcm-Anima, Arabic, Gutta, Adraganth, Ammoniac, A/fa Foztida, Sdel- linm, Salm, Senjoin, Camphor, Copal, Elemy, Frankinccnfc, Euphorbhtm, Galbanum, Lacca, Manna, Myrrh, Oliba- ntim, Sagapemim, Sanguis Z)raconis, Sarcocclla, StaBcj Storax, Tacamahacha, Turpentine. Sec each defcribed un- der its proper Article.

c tl:eophraftvs fpeaks of a way of multiplying Plants, per- form'd per Lachrymas, by means of the Gum or Rcfin ^ but Agricola takes this to be only practicable where there are Seeds in the Gum.

GvM.-Auima, or Animi, is a refinous Juice ouzing from a Tree by the c Fortugueze called Courbari, growing in di- vers Parts of America.

This Gum is very hard and tranfparent, of an agreeable' Smell, not unlike Amber : It neither diffolves in Water nor Oil, and confequcntly is not properly accounted a Gum. In lieu of this, they frequently fubftitute Copal. GuM-Arabic, calfd alfo "thebaic, Sarraccnaic, Sabylonifo, and Achantine, from the Places or the Tree which produce it, is the Juice of a little Tree growing in Egypt, of the CaJJia Kind, called in Latin Acacia foins Scorpwides Lcgn- minofa. 'Tis very tranfparent, glutinous upon the Tongue^ almoft infipid to the Tiifte, and twilled fomewhat in form, ner of a Worm; It