Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/928

 GRA

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GRA

The molt celebrated Grammarians of the II* Century, wer* Apcr, Tollio, Eutychius, c Proculus, Athcnaus, Ju- lius 'Pollux, Macrobius, and Aulas Gellius ; The Works o* thefe laft Authors, are an Affemblage of Abundance of very different Things, and Sublets, relating to the Criticifm of the antient Writers, and the polite Literature.

If the Name have loft its antient Effect, 'tis thro' the Fault of thofc who have alfumed it ; by treating of Grammar in a low, Pedantic, Dogmatic manner ; reducing it to Words and Syllables ; and dwelling altogether on trifling, puerile Remarks, and Cenfures : Whereas its proper Office is to make an accurate, and thoro'Examen of an Author; to en- ter into all his Views, to point out the Beauties, and the De- fects thereof; to diftinguifh the true Beauties from the falfe; and the genuine Productions of an Author, from the Sup- positious: That is, a Grammarian was then, what we call a Critic, now.

Thofe who only taught to read, underftand, and explain Authors, were called Grammatics, Grammatijld? ; in Con- tradistinction from Grammatici ; tho', in courfe of Time, the Grammat/'Jlte have rofe into the Place otGrammatici ; who are prefer'd to that of Critici. See Criticism.

GRAMMATICAL, fomething relating to Grammar.— Thus we fay, Grammatical Conftruction : Grammatical Sig- nification, gfo Idioms, as Anglicifms, Latinifms, Grecifms, Gallicifms, \§G. deviate from Grammatical Strictnefs. See Anglicism, Gallicism, &c.

Such a Phrafe is not Grammatically juit ; 'tis an Idiom. See Idiom.

GRANADO, or Granada, or Grenada, in the Mi- litary Art, a hollow Ball, or Shell, of Iron, Brafs, or even Glafs, or Potters Earth, filled with Gunpowder, and fitted with a Fufee to give it Fire.

Of thefe there are two kinds ; the one large, the other fmall : The firft to be thrown at the Enemy by a Mortar, properly call'd Bombs. See Bomb.

The latter to be caft with the Hand ; and thence denomi- nated HandGranado's.

Cafimir, indeed, makes another Distinction ; where the Ball, or Shell is round, whatever the Size be, he calls it a Granado h and where, Oval, or Cylindrical, a Bomb; But Cuftom allows only the former Divifion.

The belt way, Cafimir obferves, to fecure a Man's felf from the Effect of a Granada, is, to lie flat down on the Ground, before it burft.

Historians relate, that at the Siege of OJiend there were above fifty thoufand Granada's thrown in one Month into the City ; and that the Citizens threw above twenty thoufand into the Works of the Befiegers.

The Common, or Hand Gr anode is a little, hollow Ball of Iron, Wood, Paitboard, &c, fill'd with Itrong Powder, lighted with a Fufee, and thus thrown with the Hand among the Enemy's Battallions, Trenches, Pofis, fi?c.

Their Compofition is the fame with that of Bombs $ which fee. — For Size, they are ufually about the Bignefs of an Iron Bullet, and weigh about three Pounds: As to Di- mensions, they are common in Thicknefs one eighth, one ninth, or one tenth of their Diameter; their Aperture, or Orifice about ~- 9 - wide, as prescribed by Cafimir.

Thuanus obierves that the firft time Gra?zado, s were ufed, was at the Siege of PFachtendonck, a Town near Gueldres ; and that the Inventor was an Inhabitant of Vcnlo, who in making an Experiment of the Effect thereof, occafion'd two thirds of that City to be burnt; the Fire being kindled by the Fall of a Granado.

Bombs ; were known long before the Invention of Gra- nadtfs. See Mortar.

The Antients had a fort of Oll<£, or Fire-pots, fomewhat of the fame Nature with our Granada's, butlefs perfect.

Cafimir mentions a fort of Blind Granado's, without any Aperture, or Fufee, as not needing to be lighted ; but be- ing thrown with a Mortar, take Fire of themfelves whenever they fall on any hard, folid Object.

The Name Granada takes its Rife hence, that they are fill'd with Grains of Powder, as a Pomgranate is with Ker- nels. See Pomgranate.

GRANADIER, or Grenadier, or Granadeer^ Sol- dier who carries a Pouch full of Hand Granado 's to be thrown among the Enemy. See Granado.

There are Companies of Foot Granadiers, and Horfe Granadiers, or Granadiers of Horfe, who march at the Head of the King's Guards.

To each Troop of Horfe Guards there is added by Ettab- Hfhment a Troop of Granadiers, confifling of 64 Men, be- fide Officers commanded by the Captain of the Troop of Guards. See Guards.

One Divifion of 'Granadiers mounts with a Divifion of the Troop ; go out on fmall Parties from the Guard 5 per- form Centinels, Duty, &c.

The Pay of the private Granadiers is 2, s. 6 d. per Day.

GRANARY, A Place to lay, or itore- Corn in, particu- larly for keeping. See Corn.

Sir Hen. Wotton advifes to make it look towards the North, as much as may be; becaufe that Quarter is moil cool and temperate,

Mr. JVbrlidge obferves, that the belt Granaries are built of Brick, with Quarters of Timber wrought in the Ihfide 1 , whereto to nail the Boards, with which the Infide of the Granary mult be lined lo clofe to the Bricks, tlv.it there be no Room for Vermine to ihelrcr themfelves. There may be many Stories one above another, and let them be near the one to the other; for the /hallowcr Corn lieth, the bet- ter, and it is the eafier turned.

Some have had two Granaries, the one above the other, and filled the upper with Wheat, or other Corn: This up- per one had a fmall Hole in the Floor, by which the Corn defcended into the lower one, like the Sand in an Hour- Glafs ; and when it was all come down into the lower Gra- nary, it was then carried up again into the upper one ; and fo it was kept continually in Motion : Which is a greSPt Pre-. fervation to the Com. See further in the Article Cbrn.

A large Granary, full of fquare wooden Pipes, may keep Corn from heating.

GRANATE, a Gem, or. pretious Stone, of a high, red Colour; thus called from the Refemblance it bears to that of the Kernel of a Pomgranate. See Precious Stove-.

Granates are either Oriental, or Occidental : The firit arc- brought from divers Parts of the Bail Indies ; the fecond from Spain, Sohemia, and Silcjia. —

Thefe, from the Ealt, are diftinguifii'd by their Colour into three Kinds : The firft, of a deep, Jbrownifli Red, like black clotted Blood ; of which Kind there are fome as big as an Hen's Egg : The fecond, are nearly of the Colour of a Hyacinth, with which it were ealy to confound them, but for their fuperior Rcdnefs. The lair, having a Mixture of Violet with their Red, arc called by the Italians, Rp.br- ni della Rocha. SeeRuny.

The Occidental Granates arc of divers Reds, according to the Places they are found in. Thofe of Spain, imitate the Colour of the Kernel of a Pomgranate : Thofe of 'Bo- hemia have a golden Call with their Red, glittering like a live Coal : Thofe of Silefia are the darkeic of all, and fel- dom thoroughly tranfparent.

Of the Occidental Granates, thofe of Sohemia are the moll valued : Some even give them the Preference over the Oriental Kind. They are found near 'Prague ; not in any particular Mines, but are pick'd up by Peaiants in the Fields, from among the Sands, and Pebbles.

TheGranate is of fome Ufe in Medicine: Its Powder is fomctimes an Ingredient in the Cordial Electuaries. The Antients held it excellent againft Heavinefs and Melancholy.

GRAND, a Term rather French, than EngliJJ?, though ufed on many Occalions in our Language. It has the fame Import with Great ; being form'd of the Latin Grandis. — ■ See Great.

In this Senfe we fay, The Grand Matter of an Order ; the Grand Matter of Malta-^ of the FreeMalons, &c. See Malta, and Mason.

So alfo we fay, the Grand Vijier, the Grand Signior, Sec. See Visier, and Signior, &c.

Grand Father, Grand Mother, &c. See Parentage, Descent, Decree, Consanguinity, &c.

In the French Polity and Cultoms, are divers Officers thus denominated, which we frequently retain in EngltJIo ; as Grand Almoner, Grand Ecuyer, Grand Chambellan, Grand Voyer, &c.

We alfo fay, the Grand Gujl, Grand Monde, the Grand Style, &c. See Sublime, &c.

Grand Ajjize ; fee Assize, and Magna Afiifa.

Grand Cape -^ fee Cape, and Attachment.

Grand jDiJlrcfs, 2)iflri£lio magna, a Dillrcfs {a called, not for the Quantity, for it is very iliort ; but for the Qua- lity, for the Extent is very great ; for thereby the Sheriff js commanded, ghiod diltringat tenentem, ita quod ipfe nee aliquis per ipjum ad ea manum apponat, donee habverit a- Uud prtgeeptum ; £5? quod de exitibus eornndem nobis re- spondeat, £5 quod habeat corpus ejus, &c. Sec Distress.

This Writ lies in two Cafes : Either when the Tenant, or Defendant is attach'd, and fo returned, and appears nor, but makes Default ; or where the Tenant, or Defendant hath once appear'd, and after makes Default. On fuch Occalions, this Writ lies by Common Law, in lieu of a 'Petit Cape.

Grand Guflo, is a Term ufed by Painters, to cxprefs, that there is fomething in the Picture very great, and ex- traordinary, calculated to furprife, pleafe, and infhuwt.

Where this is found, they fay, The Painter was a Man of the Grand Gufio 1 And they ufe the Word Sublime; and Marvellous, when they fpeak of a Picture in much the fame Senfe.

Grand Sergeanty ; fee Chivalry, and Sergeanty.

GRANDEE, is underltood of a Lord of the firft. Rank, or prime Quality.

In Spain, the Term Grandees, is fpoken abfolutcly of the Prime Lords of the Courr, to whom the King ha^once given Leave to be covcr'd in his Prefence : There are fome Gran- decs