Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/901

 GLA

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GLA

ZipJiUS will have nothing alter'd in the Text: The Gla- diatores Cuhictilarii t he ob erves, were thofe who fought at private Houles, during Feaits, &c. Accordingly, tDion lays exprefly, that Commodus fometimes fought. at home, and even kill'd fome Perfon on fuch a Rencounter ; but that in publick he only fought with blunted Weapons.

The c Dimachoflulatitii. Saturn. L. II. c. 16.

The other Kinds were, the Reptomachi, Mcridiani, Mer- mtllonei, Ordinarily Trovocatores, Retiarii, Rudiarii, Se- cutores, Spetlatores, and Thraces : Which fee defcribed uri- der their feveral Articles Mep.idiani, Retiarii, Secu- toh.es, $$0.

Some Authors, and particularly Vi gen ere on Livy, rank the Obfequentes, mention'd by Spartan in his Life of Mar- cus Aurelius, among the Number of Gladiators. Lipjius laughs at him, Saturn. L. II. c. 16. and with fome Reafon : The Obfequentes properly were the Troops which that Em- peror rais'd among the Gladiators, or whom of Gladiators he made Soldiers.

Spartacium, call'd alfo the Servile War, was a War which the Romans fufcained about the Year of their City 680.
 * fbe War of the Gladiators, SellumGladiatorium, or

Spartacus, Crinus, and Oenomaus, having efcaped with thlny Gladiators more, out of the Place where they had been kept, at Capua, gather'd together a Body of Slaves, put thcmfelves at their Head, render'd themfelves Matters of all Campania, and gain'd feveral Victories over the Roman Praetors.

At length they were defeated, in the Year 682, at the Extremity of Italy, having in vain attempted to pafs over into Sicily.

This War proved very formidable to the Romans. Craf~ fus was not able to fini/h it : The Great 'Pompey was fore'd to be fent as General. —

GLADIUS, Sword ; or Jus Gladii, q. d. Right of the Sword, is ufed in our anticnt Latin Authors, and in the Jtforman Laws, for a fupreme JurifdicTHon.

Cambden, in Britannia, writes, Comitatus Flint per tinet ad Gladium Ceftri<e. And in Selden, Tit. of Honour, p. 64.0. Curiam fuam liberam de omnibus placitis, ike. exceptis ad Gladium ejus pertmentibus.

And it is probably from hence, that at the Creation of an Earl, he is Gladio fuccintfus, to fignify that he had a Ju- rifdiclion over the County. See Earl, Count, i$c,

GLAND, Glandula, in Anatomy, a foft, fpungy, lax kind of Body 5 ferving to feparate fome particular Humor ■from the Mais of Blood. See Blood, and Humor.

The Antients took the Glands to be nothing more than a kind oT^PillowSj or Cufnons, for the neighbouring Parts to rett on — Some of them, at length, began to fancy them Sponges; to receive and imbibe the fuperfluousMoitture of the other Parts.

Later Phyficians came to aflign them nobler, and more important Ufes — 'They confider'd them as Cifiems, which contain'd proper Ferments, whereby the Blood, upon its mixing therewith, was put into a Fermentation, in the Pro- grefs whereof it work'd, or threw off certain of its Parts, and lent them away by rhcir excretory Duels.

The Moderns, who allow'd them the Organs whereby the vital Fluids are Separated for the TJfes of the Body, confi- der'd them as Fibres, the Pores whereof being all of different Figures, would only admit of Similarly ffgur'd Particles, to pals thro' them.

But the la tell Authors rather conceive the Glands as Sieves, whofe Perforations being of different Sizes, tho' of the fame Figure, only feparate fuch Particles whofe Dia- meters are left than their own.

The Glands, to the Eye, appear a fort of whuifh, mem- branous Maffes, compofed of an outer Cover, or Integument, within which a vafcuiar plexus Matter is contain'd. They are denominated from their Refemblance in- form, to Acorns^ which the Latins call Glandes.

By Diffecf on, and rhe Microfcope, they arc found to be real Plexus's, or Pclotoons of Veffels, variously wound, and implicated among themfelves. But the modern AnatomHtej Matpigbi, S-eU'wt, Wharton, Nuck, <Peycr,<kc have gone further, and difcover'd them to be no more than continued Convolutions of the capillary Arteries. See Artery.

Their Formation appears to be thus — An Artery arriving at a certain Parr, is divided into an infinite Number of ex- cceding'y fine Branches or Ramifications : Thefe capillary Branches are laid in various Bends and Circumvolutions; and from the Returns thereof, arife new Branches, or Veit-

cles, for Veins; which, a little further, unite, or terminate in fome larger Branch. ,

All thefe Ramifications, both Veins and Arteries, are rolled up in a Bundle; making numerous Gyres, and Circum": volutions: And from the various Bends and Angles form 'd by both Kinds, arife numerous other minute Veffels, whicK make the principal and molt efTential Part of the Gland. y

The Blood brought from the" neart--ward, by the Artery,' into the glandular Plexus, purfucs all the Turns,' and me- anders in the arterial Part thereof, till arriving at the venal Part, it is brought back again to the Hearn In the mean time, during its'Progrefs thro' the Arterial and Venal Folds, fome Part of it is abforbed, or drain'd off, at the Orifices of the Tubules arifing from the Flexures thereof.

What is thus received into thefe, which we may call the Secretory 2)tt£ls, is commonly taken up by other Tubules, fpringing out of them : Thee, joining together, form a fingle Canal, call'd the Excretory 2)uB-, which, paffing out of the Body of the Gland, carries off the fecreted Matter into fome proper Receptacle dettined to retain, or receive ir>

Tho', fometimes, the Secretory Veffels themfelves termi- nate in a Bafon, or Refervoir; aiid depOflte their Contents therein.

Such is the general Structure, and Office of the Glands ; which we flull further illuftrate under the Article Secre- tion.

A Gland, then, is a Compofition of divers kinds of Vef- fels ; viz. an Artery, and a i r ein ; Secretory, and Excretory Stht&s: To which may be added a Nerve, which is founfli in every Gland, diffufed thro* the whole Subttance .hereof, to furnifh Spirits for the promoting the Secretion j and a Mem- brane, which fupports the Convolutions of the Vein and Ar- tery, accompanying them thro' all their minuted Divificns 5 and Lymph at icks, which have been difcover'd in feveral Glands. See Vein, Artery, Nerve, Secretory, Ex- cretory, and Lymphatic

The Secretory Tubes, however, are what we principally confider as the Organ cf the Gland. Thefe alone do fome- times form the greatett Part of what is called a Gland, or glandulous Body. . .s

M. Winjlo-zv has difcover'd a kind of 7ome?itum, or Down." within their Cavity ; which he fuppofes to do the Office of a Philtre, and to be that whereby fuch a certain Humor is feparated from the common Mafs of Blood.— His Syftcm. ■will be explained when we come to treat of Secretion.

The fDotxm-FeJTel being the grand Organ of Secretions, its Structure and Application is diverfified according to the different Purpofes Nature has in view. Sometimes the Li- quor filtrared thro' it, trickles out, Drop by Drop, upon a Membrane, to which one Extremity of the Veffel is fa- fien'd ; as where the Filtration is only intended for moiften- ing and lubricating the Part, with that Liquor: In which cafe the Down-Veftel is both Secretory, and Excretory ; which, is the moft fim pie Cafe.— Such are thofe innumerable GlanM fpread thro' the greatett Part of the Vifcera. — _.

Sometimes a great Number of thefe Down- Veffels is fpread over the inner Surface of a little, membranous Cell J into which they pour their Liquor, which is discharged hence ar a little Aperture in the Cell : Such are the folitary Glands of the Inteftincs, which appear like fo many little ieparate Grains.

Sometimes a Veffel is bent, and has only Down in the firft Part thereof, which alone is Secretory, and the relt ex- cretory, pouring the Liquor into fome other common Ca- vity — Such are the Glands that compofe a Caves Kidney.;

The Secretory Veffels are fometimes of a very great. Length, notwithstanding that they take up but little room^ being wound over themfelves again and again ; fometimes in a fingle Pelotoon, or Knot, and fometimes in feveral, in- clofed in a common Membrane — Whence the Diftinction of Glands into Gonglohftte, and Conglomerate. .

The Glands are of feveral Kinds, in refpeel of their Form,; Structure, Office, and Ufe j Authors ufually divide them, into Conglobate, and Conglomerate. . 1

Conglobate, or Simple Glands, are thofe confifting of one continuous Mafs, with an uniform Surface — Such are the*' Subcutaneous Glands. ,

A Conglobate Gland, is, more flrictly, a little, fmOoth: Body, wrap'd up in a fine, double Skin, by which it is fe- parated from all the other Parts ; only admitting an Arter^ and Nerve to pafs in, and a Vein and excretory Duel to go out— Thefe Glands either difcharge their fecreted Humor into the Chyle, or venous Blood ; or &l\c it tranfpires thro the Pores of the Skir, or the Coats of the looler Mem- branes found in moll: Parts of the Body. , . . ■ ..

Of the Conglobate Kind are the Glands in the cortical Part of the Brain, where the animal Spirits are luppofed to be fecreted. See Cortex, Brain, and Spirits.,.

Such alfo are the Labial Glands, and the feflei. Setf

Testicle. . j i.d.

Conglomerate,- or Compound Gland, is an irregular At-.

femblace of feveral iimple Glandi, tied together, -and:

-wrap a