Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/871

 GAR

( I2 4 )

GAR

He bears Azure, a Gar&e, or; the Arms of the Grofvcnors of Eaton, in CheJJy/re.

GARBLER of Slices, is an Officer of great Antiquity, in the City of London, who is empower 'd to enter any Shop, Ware-houfe, &c. to view, and fearch Drugs, i$c. and to garble and cleanfe them.

GARBLES, the Duft, Soil, or Uncleannefs that is fe- vered from good Spice, Drugs, £5?c.

GARBLING of Spice, Drugs, &c. is the purifying it from the Drofs and Deft mix'd therewith ; and fevering the good from the bad.

Garbling of Bow Staves, is the forting, or culling out the good from the bad.

The Word may come from the Italian Garbo, Finery, or 3STeatnefs.

GARCON, or, as we pronounce it, Garsoon, a French Term, literally fignifying Boy, or a Male Child, any time before his Marriage. — The Italians ufe Gar/one in the fame Senfe.

Pontanus remarks, that they antiently wrote it warcon : But the Etymologifts can't agree as to its Origin. — To fay nothing of all the reft, Martinius alone propofes feven De- rivations; without pitching upon any, ■viz. the Latin gar- rire, to prattle ; the Chaldee DTI, Student, Learner 5 the Trench Garder, to guard ; the German marten, to tarry, or wait; the Greek x«e^fj Young-man; the Arabic HHJ, Young- man ; and the Hebrew T)J, the young of any Brute.

Gap.con is alfo applied to divers inferior Officers : Thus, all the People in the King's Chamber, Wardrobe, &c who do the Icffer Offices thereof under the proper Officers, are called Gardens dc la Chambre, de la Garderobbe, Sic,

Guard.

> fee <

Guards.

[ Guardian. Ward-robe.

GARD,

CARDS,

GARD I AN,

GARDEROBE,&c.J

GARD ANT, in Heraldry. SeeGuARDANT.

GARDEN, an Inclofure, or Plot of Ground, curioufly cultivated, and furnifh'd with Variety of Plants^ Flowers, Fruits, &c. See Gardening ; fee alfo Orchard.

Gardens are di&'inguiih.'d'mto FlowerGardens, Fruit Gar- dens, and KitcbenGardens : Thcfirft forPleafure, and Or- nament; and therefore placed in the moft confpicuous Parts : The two latter, for Service; and therefore made in By-places. See Flower, Fruit, Sec.

In a Garden, the principal Things to be confider'd, are, the Form, Soil, Situation, and AfpeB or Expojure.

For the firft Point, the Form : A Square, or rather Ob- long, is m oft eligible; leading from the Middle of the Houfe, with a Gravel Walk in the Midft ; narrow Grafs-bordeis on each Side; and on either Side of thefe, Rows of Variety of Winter Greens. If the Ground be irregular, it may be made uniform fo as to afford a ProfpecT: nothing inferior to the moffc regular; {trait Lines will reduce any Figure to Or- der. A Triangle has its Beauty, as well as a Square; and the moil; irregular Spots may be brought by Borders, and Walks to thole two Figures.

Indeed, an Irregularity is eafily hid in a large Garden, by long Walks, and tall Hedges, interrupting a diftant View: And the little Corners, and Triangular Spaces, may be agreeably fiU'd up with Borders of Flowers, Dwarf Trees, fipwring Shrubs, or Ever-Greens. Nor is it prudent, to be felicitous to throw the whole Garden into a fingle View ; as Irregularities, and UnevennefTes, afford many uncom- mon, pretty Devices, gfc. See Walks, and'BoRDERS.

For the fecond Point, or the Soil : A deep, rich, black Mould is bell for Plants; fandy Land is warm and forward, and good for Flowers ; chalky Land is cold and backward. But both are eafily corrected by Comport's, or Materials of oppofite Kinds, See Soil, and Compost.

For the Situation ; If the Garden be too high, it will be expos'd to the Winds, which are highly prejudicial to Trees ; if too low, the Dampnefs will be injurious, befide the breed- ing of Vcrmine : A Flat, therefore, or the Side of a Hill, are the happieft Situation ; efpecially the latter, as it is ufually well watcr'd,and fhelter'd from the Extremes of Wea- ther; beiide that the Water defcending from on high, will fupply Fountains, Cafcades, and other Ornaments of a Garden, See Fountain, £f?c.

For the Afpetl, or Expojure, we have already confider'd what relates thereto, under the Article Expojure : See Exposure.

Of all things, the Ground, or Soil of the Garden is the moll important: Unlels this be rich, and fertile, all the other Advantages will be vain. To judge of the Quality of the Soil, fome direct us to look, whether there be any Heath, Thirties, or other Weeds growing fpontancoufly there- in, as a certain Sign of a poor Ground: The Growth of the Trees, tco, thereabout, is to be confider'd ; if they grow cooked, ill fhap'd, and grubby, of a faded Green, and full of Mofs; the Place is to be immediately rejected. If the Contrary be found ; you mull: proceed to examine the Depth of the Soil, by digging Holes under Ground. The Soil

.mould be three Foot deep ; but lefs than two, is not fuffi_ cient.

The chief Furniture of Pleafure Gardens arc, Parterres V/fia's, Glades, Groves, Compartimeuts, ghtinatuccs, Ver- dant Halls, Arbour Work, Mazes, Labyrinths, Fountains Cabinets, Cafcades, Canals, "Terraffes, ike. See each under its proper Article, Terrass, Cascade, Fountain, & Ct

In the planting of a Fruit cr Kitc1:cn Garden, if the Soil be a hungry Gravel, or Sand, Mr. Switzer directs the Holes where the 'Frees are to be planted, to be dug two Foot deep and three or four over, and filled with rotten Horlcs or Cows Dung, mix'd with rich Mould : If it be Marie or itiff Clay, a Compoft of Rubbifh, Lime, Pieces of Brick, Afues Sand, ££?c. will be beft to mix with Dung and Mould ; tho' be is of opinion, that untried Earth, dug from a Wafteor Common where Cattle has been fed, would prove the belt Soil for voung Trees. See Fr u i t 'Tree.

The Trees being now taken out of the Nurfery, the biggeft Roots are to be ftiortcn'd to about fix Inches ; all the Imall Fibres taken off; and the Flead to be pruned, fo as not to leave above two Branches; and thofe not above fix Inches long. See Planting.

The WalfTrees, to be placed as far from the Wall, as poffible; that there may be the more Room for the Roots to fpread. Then, filling up the Hole with Mould, there remains nothing but to fecure the Roots from the Winter's Froft, by covering the Spot with Straw, Fern, Dung, ^3c. And in Summer, from the Sun; by Sand, and Pebble Stone. See Wall Fruit.

For Trees planted in Borders, the common Practice is to make a Trench by the Wall-fide, two Foot broad, and as many deep. This Trench they fill with old Dung, mix'd with Earth, lightly laid, near as high as the Borders are in- tended to be ; and then trodden down to half the Height in the Places where the Trees are intended to be. "Fis prudent, to plant the Trees mallow, and to raife the Earth about them ; efpecially in a wet, clayey Soil. — Sec Plant- ing, Seminary, &c.

'Tis an Obfervation of fome Importance, that Wall Trees, and Fruit thrive heft, when the Walks that run parallel to them, are Gravel; more of the Rays of the Sun being thereby reflected to them, than if they were Grais. Add, that no fort of tall Trees are to be fuffer'd to grow in any of the oppofite Borders, or intermediate Spaces, fo, as their Shade might reach to the South Eafl, or South Weft Walls. The Places near the Walls are molt advantageoufly filled with Dwarfs. — See Dwarf, Espalier, occ.

GARDENING, Horticulture, the Art of cultivat- ing a Garden. See Garden.

Gardening has in all Ages been elteem'd an Employ- ment, worthy the greateft Hero's, and Philofophers : The Emperor ^Diocletian, at Salona ; and Epicurus, and Afetro- dorus, at Athens, have ennobled the Art beyond ail Enco- mium.

Goetzius, Superintendant of Lubeck, printed a Differta-- tion in 1706", entitled Khto^ia©-, feu 2)e Eruditis Hortorum Cultoribus, Of the Learned Men who have loved, and cul- tivated Gardens ; among which Number he ranks Adam, Gregory Naziauzen, St. Augitflin, 'Pliny, and Cicero : Nor fhould he have forgot the elder Cato, 2)emocritus, 'Plato, and his Academy.

TheSieur le Nojire firft carried Gardening to any thing of Perfection : M. la §>uintinie has gone yet further; nor have our own Countrymen of late been wanting to its Improvement; as London, and Wife, Bradley, Laurence, Fairchild, &:c.

M. Fatio has lately applied Mathematical Reafoning to Gardening, and fhewn how to make the beft ufe of the Sun's Rays in Gardens. See Wall.

The principal Operations in Gardening, are Planting, ^ranfplanting, Ei?grafting, Inoculating, Pruning, Solving, ike. Which fee under their proper Articles, Planting, Transplanting, Engrafting, Pruning, ckc.

Other Particulars, relating to the Art of Gardening, fee under Pinching, Variegating, Nursep.y, Seed, Green- house, Hot-bed, &c. See alfo Plant, Tree, Fruit-tree, Wall-tree, Dwarf, &c. See alfo Sal- lade, &c.

Gardening, in Falconry. To garden a Ilazvk, is to put her on a Turf of Grafs to chcar her. — Some alfo ufe the fame Phrafe for the giving her an Airing, or letting her fly at large.

GARDEVISURE, in Heraldry; fee Vizor.

GARGAR1SM, Garcle, in Medicine, a liquid Form

of Remedy, for Diforders of the Mouth, Gums, Throat, &c.

Gargarifms are cotnpofed of Honey, Salts, Syrups, Spirits,

Vinegar, Waters, and Decoctions ; and produce their Effect

by cleanfing, lubricating, &c, the Parts.

An Aftringent Gargarifm, Detergent Gargarifm, Refri- gerent Gargarifm, <kc.

The Word is form'd of the Greek ya.^ycfA^<.--v, colluere* to wafhv— Or of the Hebrew Garghera, the Throat. —

GAR-