Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/87

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.ETIOLOGY, jEtiologia, a Rationale, or Difcourfe of the Caulc of a Difeafc. See Disease. ..' In this Scnfe, we fay, the ALtiokgy of the Small Pox, of the Hydrophobia, of the Gout, the Dropfy, lie. See Hy- drophobia, Pox, Gout, Dropsy, i$c.

The Word is compounded of the Greek anta, Caufe, and
 * =>©", Sermo, Tiifcourfc.

JETITES, in Natural Hiflory, the Eagle-Stone. See Ea- ^■L*.-Stone.

The Elites, or Lapis JEtites, is a kind of Stone, vulgar- ly faid to be found in the Eagle's Neft ; but this, as well as many of the Virtues afcrib'd to it, feem to be fabulous. ■*-h is found under ground in feveral Parts: Near Treves in France, one can icarce dig a few Feet, without finding considerable Strata or Beds hereof.

'Tis ufually hollow, aud has a kind of Core or Kernel in it, which, upon lliaking, rattles : Some have two, and others three luch Cores.

It is found of various Forms, and Sizes ; but its Texture or Confluence is pretty uniform ; confiding of two or three Lays or Coats of a Matter refembling baked Earth : Efpe- ciaiiy the innermoft. — They are originally foft, and of the Colour of yellow Oker.

1)iofcorides iays, it is of ufe in difcovering a Thief; for by mixing it with his Meat, he'll be unable to fwallow it. — ■ Matthiolus informs us, that Birds of Prey never hatch their young without this Stone ; and that they feek it as far as the Indies.

The Ufe now made of the Stone, is to afiiit Women in Labour ; to which end, they fallen it about the Knee : it being a Tradition, that according as it is applied above or below the Matrix, it has the Faculty of retaining or exclu- ding the Child. See Delivery.

Hence, it is fomctimes directed to be bore about the Arm to prevent Abortion. See Abortion.

The Word is form'd of the Greek sssto?, Aqtlila, Eagle.

AFFECTION, Affectio, in Phyficks, a Quality or Pro- perty of fome natural Being. See Quality, and Pro- perty.

The Schoolmen define AffcBion an Attribute proper to any Being, arifing from the Effencc thereof. See Attri- bute, Proper, eifc.

AffeBious are diilinguifh'd into thofe of Body, and thofe of the Mind.

Affections of Body, are certain Modifications thereof; occafioned or induced by Motion ; in Virtue whereof, the Body comes to be fo and fo difpofed. See Body, Matter, Motion Modification, ££>c.

Thefe are fubdivided into 'Primary ; as, fffiiantity, Fi- gure, Motion, Place, Quality, and Time : and Secondary, as Divifibility, Continuity, Impenetrability, Regularity, Health, Strength, &c. See each under its proper Article.

Affections of Mind, are what we more ufually call Pa/fions. See Passion.

Mechanical Affections. See Mechanical AffeBion.

Affection is peculiarly ufed in Medicine, for a morbid or dilordcrly State of a Part. — Thus, we fay, luch a Part of the Body is affeBed, i. e. indifpoled, or leized with a Dif- eafe. See Disease.,

The Sick are frequently miftaken as to the Place affeBed, by means of the Confent between the feveral Parts, which makes a Diforder in one Part be felt in another. See Con- sent. Hypocondriacal Affection.? „ SHyfocondriacal, Hyfterical Affection, i£cS '" C Hysteric, &C.

Affection is fomeimcsalfo ufed inaLegal Senfe, for the affigning, making over, pawning, or mortgaging a thing, to affurc the Payment of a Sum of Money, or the Difcharge of fome other Duty or Service. — His Effects were all affeBed to his Creditors. — The Revenues of fuch a Benefice, of fuch an Hofpira], are affeBed to the Payment of Penfions, to the Support of Orphans. — There are certain Duties and Privi- leges affeBed to certain Offices, ^c.

A.FFEERORS, Afferatores, in Law, are thofe ap- pointed in Court-Leets, upon Oath, to fettle and moderate the Fines of fuch as have committed Faults arbitrarily pu- nifhable, or which have no exprefs Penalty fet down by Statute. See Fine, iSc

The Word is form'd of the French Affier, to affirm ; by reafon thofe appointed to this Office, do affirm upon their Oaths, what Penalty they think in Confcience the Offender hath deferred:

Kitchin joins the three Words as Synonymas ; Affidati Amcrciatores, Affirares. BraBon has Jffidan Mulie'rem, to be betrothed to aWoman. — In the Cuilomary of Normandy the Word Affeltre, is render'd by the Latin Interpreter Taxare, to fet the Price of a thing ; as JEflimare, Indi- cate, &c.

AFFERI, in Law. SceAvERiA.

AFFIANCE, in Law, the plighting of Troth, between a Man and a Woman ; upon an Agreement of Marriage to be had between 'em. See Marriage, and Affinity.

AFFIDATIO Dominorum, an Oath taken by the Lords in Parliament ; thus called in the Rot, Pari. Hen. VI. Seu Oath, and Parliament.

AFFIDATUS, or Affidiatus, in our Law-Books a Tenant by Fealty: Alio a Retainer. See Tenant, and Retainer.

qui in alicujus fidevi i$ clientclam flint recepti, recommen- dati diBi. Laurentii Arnalthtea. Affidatio accipiiur pro muttta fidelitatis connexions, tarn in fponfaliis, qtiam inter fDominum tf Vajfallum. Proles de Affidata 1$ mm Mari- tata, non eft htgres. MS.
 * = — Affidati am proprie Vaffali flint fed quaff Kiffiili,

AFFIDAVIT, an Oath in Writing, fworn before fome Pcrfon who hath Authority to take fuch Oath ; and made ufe of, and read in Court, upon Motions, but not upon Trials. See Oath, Evidence, Witness, tfc.

In the Court of Chancery is an Affidavit Office ; under the Direction of a Mafter. See Chancery, £jc.

AFIINAGE, is fometimes ufed in antient Law-Books for the Refining of Metals. See Refining.

AFFINITY, Affinitas, an Alliance, or Relation made between two Families, by Marriage. See Alliance, and Marriage.

In this Senfe, the Word ftands comradiftinguifVd to Con- fanguinity ; which is a Relation by Blood. See Consan- guinity.

In the Mofaical Law, there are feveral Degrees of Affi- nity, wherein Marriage is exprcfly prohibited ; which yet feem not at all prohibited by the Law of Nature.— — Thus, Levit. C XVIII. ver. 16. a Man was forbid to marry his Brother's Widow, unlefs he died without Iffue ; in which Cafe, it became enjoined as a Duty. So it was forbid to marry his Wife's Siller, while fhe was living, v. 18. which was not forbidden before the Law, as appears from the In- ftance of Jacob.

The antient Roman Law is iilent on this Head ; and Papinian is the firft who mentions it ; on occafion of the Marriage of Caracalla.— The Lawyers who came after him, ftretch'd the Bonds of Affinity fo far, that they plac'd Adop- tion on the fame Foot with Nature. Sec J.doption. '

Affinity, according to the modern Canonifls, renders Mar- riage unlawful to the fourth Generation, inclufive : But this is ro be underflood of direct Affinity ; and not of that which isfecondary, or collateral. — Affinis mei affinis, non eft affinis mens. See Direct, and Collateral.

It is further to be obferv'd, that this Impediment of Mar- riage, does not only follow an Affinity contracted by lawful Matrimony, but alfo that contracted by a criminal Com- merce ; with this difference, that this lafl does not extend beyond the fecond Generation ; whereas the other, as has been obferv'd, reaches to the fourth. See Adultery, Concubine, Fornication, $$c.

The Canonitts diflinguifh three Species of Affinity.

The firft, that contracted between the Husband and the Re- lations by Blood of his Wife ; and between the Wife, and the Relations by Blood of her Husband. The fecond, be- tween the Husband, and thofe related to his Wife by Mar- riage ; and the Wife, and thofe fo related to her Husband. The third, between the Husband, and the Relations of his Wife's Relations ; and the Wife, and the Relations of her Husband's Relations.— By the IVth Council of the Latereu, held in 1213, it was decreed, That none but the firft Kind was any real Affinity ; the reft being mere Refinements, which ought to be fet afide. Tit. de Confang. gf Affin.

The Degrees are reckon'd after the fame tnanner'in Af- finity, as in Confanguinity ; and therefore differently in the Canon Law from what they are in the Civil Law. See De- gree.

The Word is form'd of the Latin Affinis, Neighbour; of ad, and finis, Boundary, Limit.

The Romanifls talk of a fpiritual Affinity, contracted by

the Sacrament of Baptifm and Confirmation. In thai;

Church, a God-father may not contract Marriage with his God-daughter, without a Difpenfation. See God-father, Baptism, &c.

AFFIRM, in Law. — To affirm, fignifies to ratify, or con- firm a former Law, or Judgment. — In the like Senfe, is the Subftantive Affirmance ufed. See Affirmation.

AFFIRf/EATION, Affirmatio, a polirive Proportion, alledging the Truth of fomcthing. See Proposition, and Truth.

Affirmation is defined by the Logicians, an Act whereby we attribute one Idea to another ; as fuppofing it to belong, or agree thereto.— As when, conceiving Perfection to agree to the Deity, we fay, God is pcrfeB. See Attribute.

This, on other Occafions, is called Enunciation, Competi- tion, Judging, &.c. See Enunciation, Composition, Judgment, &c.

Affirmation is alfo ufed in Grammar, by fome lata Refiners upon that Art, for what is ufually call'd a Verb ; in regard the Office of that Part of Speech, is to exprefs what we affirm, or attribute to any Subject. See Verb.

Affir-

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