Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/865

 GAL

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GAM

T-eathers, the Gallions bring for feventy thoufand Crowns I The Flota as much. Of Gampeche Wood, the Galltons bring for fixty thoufand Crowns: The Flota none. Of Skins and Leathers from Buenos Jyres, the Regifter Ships may bring for about two hundred thouland Crowns: Of Cochi- dcel, about a Million of Crowns : And of Indigo, about fix hundred thoufand Crowns. See Commerce.

GALLIOT, a {mall Galley ; or a fort of Brigantine, built very flightly, and defign d for Chace. See Brigantine.

She hath but one Mali, and can both fail, and row. She ufually carries two or three Pedrero's, and hath fixteen or twenty Oars.

Some call the Bomb-ketches, Galliots.

GALLOGLASSES, a kind of Militia, or Soldiery in Ireland. Cambden, in his Annals of Ireland, p. 792. relates that the Irijh Militia confifts of Cavalry, or Horfemen,call'd Galloglajfes, or GalloglaJJii, who ufe a very fharp fort of Hatchet; and Infantry, calPd Kernes.

GALLON, an English Meafure, for things both liquid and dry. See Measure.

TheGallon always contains eight "Pints, or four Quarts^ but thofe Pints, and Quarts, and conferjuently the Gallon it felf, are different, according to the Quality of the Things tneafur'd i The Wine G^//ow, for inftance, contains 231 Cubic Inches, and holds eight Pound, Averdupois, of pure Water: The Beer, and Ale Gallon, contain 282 folid Inches: And the Gallon for Grains, Meals, && %"\z Inches, and hold nine Pound, 130 Ounces of pure Water.— —See Ale Mea- fare, Wine Meafure, and Dry Meafure,

GALLOON, in Commerce, a thick, narrow kind of Fer- ret, Ribband, or Lace, us'd to edge, or border Clothes.

The Term is ordinarily undcrftood of that made of Woolen 5 fometimes, that of Thready or even Gold, or Silver.

GALLOP, in the Manage, is the fwifteft natural Pace of a Horfe, perform'd by Reaches, or Leaps ; the two Fore- feet being rais'd almoft at the fame time 5 and the Hindfeet, the like.—

In Galloping, the Horfe may lead with which Foreleg he pleafes; the moft ufual way is that with the Right : But which foever it be, the Hindleg of the fame Side muft fol- low it next j othcrwife the Legs are faid to be difunited. To remedy which Diforder, the Rider muft ftay the Horfe a little on the Hand, and help him with the Spur on the contrary Side to that on which he is difunited.

In a Circle, the Horfe is confined always to lead with his Foreleg, within the Tttm ; otherwife he is faid to gallop falfe. But here, too, the Hindleg of the fame Side muft follow.

We fay, a Hand Gallop, a Canterbury Gallop, a School Gallop, &c. A fmooth Gallop clofe to the Ground, the French call, the Engliflo Gallop, Gallop a VAngloifc.

The Word is borrowed from the Barbarous Latin calu- fare, or calpare, to run. Some derive it from caballicare : Others from the Greek jc.«a.to''£W, or kh.K'kS.v, to fpur a Horfe.

GALLOWS, an Inftrument of Punifhment, whereon Perfons convicted capirally of Felony, &c. are executed by Hanging. See Punishment, Felony, Hanging,^.

Among our Anceftors it was called Furca, Fork 5 a Name by which it is ftill denominated abroad, particularly in France and Italy. In this latter Country, the Reafonofthe Name ftill fubfifts5 the Gallo-zvs being a real Fork drove into the Ground, a-crofs the Legs whereof is laid a Beam, to which the Rope is tied. Sec Furca.

GALLS, or Gall Nuts, in Natural Hiftory, &c. a kind of morbid Tumors or Excrefcencies, found on divers Vege- tables ; as the Oak, Willow, &c. in form of Balls, Cones, or little Apples.

The manner of the Production of Galls, is well defcribed by Malpighi, in an exprefs Treatife, dcGallis.

The Procefs, as obferv'd, in the Galls, or Apples on the Gems of Oaks, is alfo given us by Mr. Derham.

Thefe Cones, lays that Author, arc in outward Appear- ance perfectly like the Gems, or Buds themfelves, only vaftly bigger ; and, in effect, they are no other than the Gems fwell'd out in Bulk, which naturally ought to be pufh'd out in length. The Caufe of which Obftruction of Vegeta- tion is this: Into the very Heart of the young, tender Bud, which begins to be turgid in June, and moots out in a Month more, an Infect of the Ichneumon Fly-kind, thrutls one, or more Eggs ; and in all Probability, fome venomous Ichor therewith. This Egg foon becomes a Maggot 5 which eats it felf a little Cell in the very Heart or Pith of the Gem ; which mould be the Rudiment of the Branch,,

Leaves, and Fruit.

The Branch thus deftroy'd, or at leaft, its Vegetation

obltructed; the Sap that was to nourifh, it, is diverted into

the remaining Parts of the Bud, which are only the Scaly ' Teguments ; and which by this means grew large and flour-

iftiing, and become a Covering to the Infect Cafe, as before

they were to the tender Branch, ij^c, The Cafe lying with-

in this Cone, is, at firft, but frfiall 5 but, by degrees, as the included Maggot increafes, lb does the Cafe; till it comes to the Size of a large white Pea, fhaped like an Acorn.

It may be added, that even Nettles, Ground-ivy, &c. have a kind of Balls or Cafes produced' on their Leaves, by the Injection of the Eggs of a Fly of the lame Kind. Thefe Cafes always grow in, or adjoining to fome Rib of the Leaf; and their Production, Malpighi, and Mr. Derham defcrib'c thus :

The parent Infect, with its fiiff fetaceous Tail, tere- brates the Rib of the Leaf, when tender, and makes way for its Eggs into the very Pith, or Heart thereof j emitting along with it a proper Juice to pervert the regular Vege- tation.

From this Wound rifes a fmall Excrefcence $ which, when the Maggot is hatch 'd, increafes, and fwells on each Side the Leaf, between the two Membranes 5 extending it felf into the parenchymous Parts thereof: till it be grown as big as two Grains of Wheat. In this Cafe lies a fmall white v rough Maggot ; which turns to an Aurelia, and afterwards to an Ichnemon Fly.

Galls, or Aleppo Galls, are a particular kmd of ve- getable Tumors, or Excrefcences ; ufed in Dying, making Ink, &c.

Thefe Galls are produced on the hardeft Species of Oak, called Rouvre, from the Latin Robur. Thofe on other Oaks are lefs fit for the Purpofes. They are hard as Shells 5 and yet are no other than the Cafes of Infects, which are bred in them after the manner above defcribed ; and which, when come to Maturity, gnaw their Way out,: Which is the Caufe of thofe little Holes obfervable in them.

Of the Infects bred in them, we have a particular Ac- count in Philof. TranfaB. N° 24.5.

There are three Sorts of thefe Galls: The fir ft, Eiackifh 5 the fecond, bordering on Green j the third, Whitifh. The Dyers ufe them all, according to their refpective Qualities: The Green and Black, ferve to dye in Black ; and the White, for Linnens. 'Tis the Black, and Green, that are; ufed in the making of Ink. See Ink.

The Ettglijh and "Dutch import yearly from Aleppo, ten thoufand Quintals of Galls. The 'Turks have likewife a kind of ruddy Gall, of the Size of a fmall Nut • which they mix with Cochineel, and Tartar, to dye in Scarlet withal. See Dying.

GAMBEZON, Gambeso, or Gamba, in the antient Military Language, was a kind of Coat, or Doubier, wore under the Cuirafs, to make it fit eafy, and prevent its hurt- ing the Body. It was made of Wool, or Cotton, quilted between two Stuffs 5 and was likewise called Counter- Point.

Others define the Gambefm a kind of foft, quilted Waft- coat, wore under the Coat of Mail, and hanging down over the Thighs.

SPctJora tot Coriis, tot Gambefonibus omant.

a 'Deo ££ men Corps a enfeveli al Abby de Kirkflede en le Chapel St. Maurice, oue men meleur Chi-val pris de xl Marks,, mon Haubert de Guerre, mes Chancons, mes Couver- tares de Fer, mon Gambeyfon, ma Targe, et tout mon Har- tleys de Guerre q a mon Corps appent, &c.
 * — Ego Johannes Secondo TefhamentumJe done m 'alms

The Word is form'd of the German Wambon, or Saxon Wambes, the Belly ; quafi Wambafium, a Covering of the Belly and Breaft.

GAME, Play, Ludus, a regular Diverfionj or a Sport prefcribed, and limited by Rules. See Gaming.

Games may be diftinguifh'd into thofe of Exercife, and Addrefs ; and thofe, of Chance, or Hazard. See Exercise, and Hazard-

To the firfl, belong Tennis, 'Billiards, Chefs, Sowfy Cudgels, Wreflling, ^jioits, Shooting with Sows, See. See Tennis, Billiards, &c.

To this alfo belong'd the antient jfoujls and Tournaments, See Joust, and Tournaments.

Under the fecond, come Cards, and Dice, &c. See Cards, Dice, &c.

Under Cards, again, come feveral fubordinate Games 5 the principal whereof are, Ombre, Picquet, SaJJet, Whift % ckc. See Ombre, andPicquET.

Games, Ludi, in the Plural, were Shews, or publick Re- prefentations, ufed among the Antients, on Religious, Fu- nerary, and orher folemn Occafions. See Spectacle.

Such, among the Greeks, were the Olympic, Pythian, IJlhmcean, and Ifelaflic Games. See Olympic, Pythian, Iselastic, and Isthmjean.

Among the Romans, there were three Sorts of Games, Sacred, Honorary, and Ludicrous : And Aufonius obferves a Difference, fomewhat of the fame Kind, among thofe of the Greeks -j two of their celebrated Games being dedicated to Gods ; and two to Hero's. See God, and Hero.

The Sacred Games were inftituted immediately in honouf of fome Deity; of which kind were the Cerealia, or Ludi Gersates, Florales iMartiaies, j[gollmares t Megalenfes, Ro-