Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/863

 GAL

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GAL

The Gall Bladder adheres to the Liver, both by its Vef- fels, which it receives from it ^ and likewife by its Mem- branes, whereof the external is common with that of the X-iver. The lower Part, which hangs out of the Liver, refts on the Pylorus of the Stomach, which it dies yellow with the Gall tranfuding thro' its Membranes.

Its Membranes are reckon'd five : An outer, or common one, from the Peritonaeum $ an inner one, from the Capfula of the Porta, and Porus Biliarius ; and three proper ones: The firft, Vafculous, confiding of white Fibres, interwove with Veffels; the fecond, Mufcular, confining of a double Row of flemy Fibres, the one longitudinal, the other an- nular; the third, or inner Coat, Glandulous, confiding of a great Number of Glands, like the Crufta Villofa of the Stomach, which feperate a Mucus that lines the Infide of the Gall Bladder, and defends it from the Acrimony of the Bile.

The Bladder is ufually divided into two Parts, the Fun- dus, or Bottom ; and the Collum, or Neck : At the Orifice of which latter is plac'd a Ring, or Circle of mufcular Fi- bres, which ferve as a Sphincter to conftringe the Orifice of the Gall Bladder, and hinder the too liberal Difcharge of the Bile. See Cystic, Hepatic, &c.

There are fome Animals without Gall Bladders; as Deer, Horfes, Affes, Mules, Camels; and among Fifties, the Sea Calf, and Dolphin. The Gall of thefe Animals is inclos'd in Duels, which terminate in the Inteftines.

GALLANT, or Galant, a French Term, fignifying civil, polite, well bred; a Perfon of Wit, and Addrefs; that does every thing with a good Grace. A galant Man is a civil Man, iomewhat brighter, gayer, and more agreeable than ordinary.

'Tis very difficult to define all the Qualities attached to the Idea of a galant Man : It frequently implies an Air of the World ; a Difpofition to pleafe, and particularly the La- dies; and a great Devotion to the Sex. The French Au- thors are very nice on the Point : They diflinguilh galant Homme, and Homme galant.-

Mercure Galant, is the Title of a Book, which has ap- pear'd Monthly at 'Paris for feveral Years. See Journal.

It contains abundance of very pretty, curious Things ; tho* feveral of the Wits have made it their Bufinefs to decry it. M. de Vize was the firft Projector, and Author, or rather Collector: Since his Death, it has been continued by three other Perfons fuccefflvely.

GALLEATE Flowers ; fee Flowers.

GALLEON, fee Gallion.

GALLERY, in Architecture, a cover'd Place in a Houfe, much longer than broad, and which is ufually on the Wings of the Building ; ferving to walk in.

The Galleries of the Louvre are magnificent : A Gallery of Painting : A compleat Apartment is to confift of a Hall, Antichamber, Chamber, Cabinet, and Gallery- See A-

TARTMENY.

Savot, in his Architecture, derives the Word Gallery from Gaul, as fuppofing the antient Gauls to have been the firft who us'd them : Nicod fetches it from the French aller, to go, q. d. Allerie. Others bring it from Galere, Gaily, by realbn it bears fome Refemblance thereto in re- fpect of Length. In the corrupt Latin we meet with Ga- lil<ea, for the Gallery of a Monaftery.

Gallery, is alfo a little Ifle, or Walk, ferving as a com- mon PafTage to feveral Rooms, placed in a Line, or Row.

The Gallery of a Church is a kind of continued Tribune, with aBalulirade ; built along the Sides or lower End of a Church, to hold the more People: And, in the Greek. Churches, to feperate the Women from the Men. — Gallery of a 'jthcatre, fee Church, Theatre, &c.

Gallery, in Fortification, is a cover'd Walk, made of Timber; ferving for the fafe Paffage of a Ditch.

The Sides of the Gallery are tobeMufkct proof, and confift of a double Row of Planks, lined with Plates of Iron; and the Top is fome times cover'd with Earth, or Turf, to hin- der the Effect of the Stones, artificial Fires, &c. of the Enemy.

Galleries are chiefly ufed to fecure and facilitate the Miners Approach to the Face of the Baftion, over the Moat, which is already fuppoled fill'd up with Faggots and Bavins, and the Artillery of the oppofite Flank dismounted. Some- times it is called a Iraverje. See Traverse.

Gallery of a Mine, is the Pafiage, or Canal of a Mine ; or any Branch thereof. See Mine.

The Befiegers, and Befieged do each of them carry Gal- leries, or Branches under Ground, in fearch of each others Mines, which fometimes meet and deftroyeach other.

Gallery in a Ship, is a kind of Balcony, made upon the Stern, without Boitrd, into which there is a Paffage out of the Captain's Cabin, called the Great Cabin.

Thefe Galleries are indeed for Shew, and the Captain's Pleafure, rather than any other Benefit; for in Ships of War, all open Galleries of this kind are to be avoided • in

regard of the Facility of an Enemy's Entrance, and board- ing of the Ship that way.

GALLEY, a low built Veffel, going both with Oars and Sails; chiefly us'd by the States bordering on the Medi- terranean. See Vessel.

Galleys have ufually from 25 to 30 Benches of Oars, on each Side ; and four or five Galley Slaves, to each Bench.

Th&Galtey carries a large Gun, culled the Courfer ; two Baftard Pieces; and two ftnall Pieces, with two Mafls and two Latin, or fquare Sails. It it ufually from 20 to 22 Fa- thoms long ; three broad ; and one deep.

All the Galleys, both antient, and modern, are of a finer, and flenderer Make than Ships. Formerly they made di- vers kinds 5 at prefent the Galleys are all alike : All the Dif- ference between them is as to Size, and nothing as to Fi- gure. They ufually keep towards the Coafts ; tho' fome- times they crofs the Sea.

The King of France keeps up forty Galleys for the Ufe of the Mediterranean, the Arfenal thereof being at MarfeilleSj The General of the Galleys bears a double Anchor, placed in Pale, behind the Efcutcheonof his Arms, as a Mark of his Authority.

Galleys, in Latin are called Siremes, "Triremes, and §)uadriremes ; not on account of their having two, three, or four Ranges of Oars before one another, as many learned Men have imagin'd, and particularly Scaliger and SnelHus, tho' this laft has wrote excellently on the Subject of Navi- gation ; for this were impracticable : Nor yet on account of their having but two, three, or four Oars ; for then there would want Strength : But by reafon there were two, three, or four Rowers faften'd to each Oar, as in the Galleys ufed among us; as is very well fhewn by the Jefuite 2)echales t in his Art of Sailing.

This Error was occafioned by fome antient Galleys, re- prefented on Medals, or in Baflb-Relicvo's, wherein are fe- veral Ranges of Rowers placed over each other : But all the Mathematicians, Pilots, and Ship-builders lcok on this as a mere Vifion ; inafmuch as 'Pliny makes Mention of Galleys of 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 Rows of Rowers; fo that if they were ranged over each other, tho' we were oniy to allow four Feet for each Deck, there would be a Diftance of itfo Feet between the loweft Rowers, and the higheft : And yet we are affured, that the higheft Ship ever built, was only 72, Feet high.- —

Scaliger affirms, that the firft Triremis, or Galley of three Stories, was built at Corinth ; and is of opinion, that what 'Pliny calls Long Shifi t were what we call Gateqffes$ the firft whereof was that of the Argonauts. Vegetius men- tions a Galley of five Decks ; and Memnon, another with eight, and only one Man to each Oar.

^The Galley is called by the Greek Authors under the Ea- ftern Empire, Ta.ha.ia., and Ta>ka. ■ and by the Latin Authors of the fame Time, Galea ; whence the modern Denomina- tion.

Some fay, it was called Galea, on account of the Figure of a Calk, or Helmet, which it bore on its Head, or Prow, as Ovid, attefts, 1)e Lriflih. The French call it Galere, by reafon, they fay, that the Top of the Mafts is ufually cut in manner of a Hat, which the Italians call Galero. Others derive both Galea and Galere from a Fifh, by the Greeks call'd Tti,hUrns s or £ iptas ; and by us, the S-word-fiJh, whofe Shape this Veffel refembles. Laftly, others derive Galley, Galea, Galere, Galeajfe, &c. from the Syriac and Chaldee Gaul, and Gallin, a. Man expofed on the Water, or in a Veffel of Wood.

The Captain-G &T.Z.JLY is the principal Galley of a State, commanded by the Captain General of the Galleys : In France, the Royal Galley is the firft.

The c Patroon Galley is the fecond Galley, both at France, Tufcany, and Malta. The General of the Gallies is on Board the Royal Galley ; and the Lieutenant, on the Pa- troon.

The Terms peculiar to Galleys, are very numerous; and make a new Syftem of Sea Language, quite different from that ufed in Ships. Monf. de Saras, an antient Officer on Board the King of France's Galleys, we hear, is engaged in writing a New Dictionary of the Dialect of the Galleys.

Condemnation to the Galleys, is a Penalty impofed on Criminals and Delinquents, particularly in France ; where- by they are adjudg'd to ferve the King, or State, as Slaves, on Board the Galleys ; either for ever; or for a limited Time. See Punishment, and Slave.

Condemnation to the Galleys for ever, imports Confifca- tion of Lands, Goods, &c. For in France, he that confifcates the Perfon, confifcates the Goods. A Man condemned to the Galleys for Perpetuity, is dead in a Civil Senfe. He cannot difpofe of any of his Effects ; cannot inherit ; and if he be married, his Marriage is null : Nor can his Widow have any of her Dower out of his Goods. The Ecclefiaftica! Courts cannot fentence to the Galleys : It is out of their Jurifdicfion, and Reffort. By an Ordinance of Charles IX. in 1 jtf4> the

Judges