Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/862

 GAL

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GAL

Since the Invention of the Telefcope, this Opinion has been abundantly confirmed. By directing a good Telefcope to any Part of the Milky Way; where, before, we only faw a confufed Whitenefs, we now defcry an innumerable Multitude of little Stars. Thefe Stars are fo remote, that a naked Eye confounds them : The like we obferve in'thofe other Spots, called Nebulofe Stars, which when examined with the Telefcope, are diflinclly perceived to be Clufters of little Stars, too faint to affecT: the Eye fingly. See Star.

GALBANETUM,aCompofition,or Preparation of Gal- banum, formerly prefcribed, but now much outofUfe. See Galea num.

GALBANUM, in Pharmacy, A Gum iffuing from an Incifion in the Rcot of a ferulaceous Plant, call'd in Latin, Ferula Galbanifera ; growing in Arabia, Syria, &c. See Gum.

There are two kinds of Galbanum ; the one in Tears ; the other in Mafs : The firft is to be chofe of a golden Yellow without fide, but much paler within ; of a bitter Tafte, and ftrong, difagreeable Smell. For the fecond, take that which is fulleft of Tears, very dry, clear, and not link- ing. This laft is cafily fophifticated with broken Beans, Rofin, and Gum Ammoniac.

Galbanum is of an emollient, and refolutive Nature • good in all Hyfteric Cafes, and in Afthma's and inveterate Coughs: It provokes the Menfes, and brings on Delivery: But it is chiefly ufed externally, in Plaflers for the Belly, which it loofens, what way foever applied.

The Word is derived, according to Martinius, from the Hebrew Chelbenah, Fat.

GALE, a Sea Phrafe, for the blowing of the Wind at Sea : When the Sea doth not blow fo hard, but that a Ship can carry her Top-fails a-trip, that is, hoifted up to the higheft, they fay it is a Zoom Gale: When it blows very flrong, they fay it is a Stiff Gale, or at leaft a Fre/h Gale; but when it blows fo hard, and violently, that a Ship cannot bear any Sail, they fay, it blows a Storm.

When two Ships are near one another at Sea, and there being but little Wind blowing, one feels more of it than the other ; they fay, the Ship gales away from the other. GALEAR1I, or Galiarii, in Antiquity, a Name the Remans gave to the Black Guards or Servants of the Sol- diers. Vcgetius III, 6. Salmafius on the third Chapter of the Life of Adrian by Spartian.

GALEASSE, or Galeace, a large, low built, heavy Vcfiel ; the biggeft of all Veflels that go with Ores. See Vessel.

It may carry twenty Guns ; with a Stern, capable of lodg- ing a great Number of Mufqucteers. It ufes both Sails and Oars ; and theRowers are under Cover. It has three Mafts ; the Main, Mizzcn, and Bowfprit, which are never to be taken down, or lowerd, as they may be in Galleys. It has 3 2 Benches of Rowers, and to each Bench five or fix Slaves; tho' Will, of Tyre makes mention of Galeajfes, with too Benches of Oars.

It has three Tire of Guns, in the Head, one over the other, of two Guns each, bearing Balls of 35, 24, and 10 Pounds. It has but two Tire in the Stern ; each containing three Guns, carrying Balls of 18 Pounds. See Galley.

The Venetians are the only People who have Galeaffis : Antiently, the French likewife made ufe of them.

GALENIC Medicine, is properly the Manner of confi- derlng and treating Difeafes, founded on the Principles of Galen; or introduced by Galen. See Medicine.

Claud. Galen, was of \Pergamus in AJia, the Son of a famous Architect, and Pupil of Satyron and <Pclops, two able Phyficians. He firft diftinguilh'd himfelf at Athens; then at Alexandria, and laftly at Rome ; where he wrote a great deal; where he alio died, in the Year of Chrift 140. He is faid to have compofed aoo Treatifes, whereof there are 170 {till extant. There have been 23 feveral Editions of this Author : The firft is that of Venice, in Folio, in the Year r 525 : The heft is that of ^Paris^m 13 Volumes in Fo- lio, Greek and Latin, publi/h'd in 1639.

This Author, collecting and digefting what the Phyficians " before him had done ; and explaining every thing according to the itricteft. Doctrines of the Peripateticks, fet Phyfic on a new Footing ; introduced the Doctrine of the four Ele- ments ; the Cardinal J^tialities, and their Degrees; and the four Humors or Temperaments. See Element, Quali- ty, Degree, Humor, &c.

Galenic is now more frequently us'd in a wider Signifi- cation, viz. for that Method of Phyfick, contradiftinguiih'd from Chymical. See Medicine.

In this Senfe, Galenical Medicine, Galenical ^Pharmacy, £Tc. arc thole which go upon the eafier Preparations of Herbs, Roots, &c. by Inrufion, Decodf ion, EJfc. and attain their Ends, and make their Remedies effectual, by the combining and multiplying of Ingredients : In oppoiition to Chemical Medicine, or "pharmacy, which torture the Ma- teria Medica by Fire, and draw their more intimate and re- mote Virtues by elaborate Preparations; as Calcination, Di-

geftion, Fermentation, Igc. See Chemistry, and Phar- macy. ■

Medicine was wholly Galenical, till -the- Time of 'Par a- celfus. Gebcr, indeed, and after him Rayrimnd Xttlly, Ar- noldns de Villa Nova, and Sa/il Valentine, made fom'e At- tempts to apply Chemiflry to Medicine ; efpecially the iaft of them ; but no great Advance wis made. <Paracelfus and after him Van Helmont, alter'd the whole of Medicine ■ ex- ploded Galenifm, and the Periparetic Doctrine, and rendcr'd Medicine wholly Chemical. See Chemistry.

The late Improvements in Philofophy, have reform'd,' and retriev'd the Galenical Medicine, which has now very little of GdleA in it. 'Tis now all Mechanical and Corpuf- cular: Inftead of Qualities and Degrees, every thing is now reduced to mechanical Affcaions ; to the Figures, Bulks, Gravities, &c. of the component Particles, and to the great Principle of Attraflion. See Mechanical, and Corpus- cular ; fee alfo Medicine.

GALENISTS, a Denomination given fuch Phyficians, as pra3ice, prefcribe, or write on Galenical Principles. See Galenical.

The Galenifts ftand oppofed to the Chymifts : The Ma- teria Medica of the firft, is chiefly of the Vegetable Kind 5 the Virtues of which they procure by the more fimple and eafy means ; and feldom go beyond Decoction. The latter take in Minerals, Salts, Stones, and even Metals, and Semi- metals : Thefe, they hold, afford more efficacious Remedies; and their Virtues, procured by long, artful, labour'd Pro- ceffes, with the. Help of Fire, are had more pure, and in a leflcr Compafs. See Chemist.

At prelent, the Galenifts and Chemifts are pretty well ac- commodated; and moft of our Phyficians ufe the Prepara- tions and Remedies of both. Sec Physician, Remedy, &c, GALENISTS, Galenasts, or Galenites, are alfo a Branch of the Meunonites, or Anabaptifts, who take in fe- veral of the Opinions of the Sociniaus, or rather Arians, touching the Divinity of our Saviour. See Mennonite.

They are thus call'd from their Leader Galenas, a learned, and eloquent Phyfician of Amfterdam, who is accufed of being a thorough Socinian. jfovet 1*. 1. p. 413. %$c. GALERICULATE Flowers; fee Flowers. GALILJEANS, a Sea among the antient Jews, deno- minated from Judas of Galilee, their Chief; who, efteem- ing it unworthy, that the Jews Hiould pay Tribute to Strangers, rais'd up his Countrymen againfl the Ediitof the Emperor Allguftus, which had ordef d a Cenlus and Enu- meration to be made of all his Subjeas.

Their Pretence was, that God alone ihould be own'd as Mafter, and called by the Name of Lord. In other refpeas, they had much the fame Doarines as the 'Pharijees ; butaa they judg'd it unlawful to pray for infidel Princes, they fe- parated themfelves from the reft of the Jews, and perform'd their Sacrifices apart. See Pharisee.

As our Saviour, and his Apoftles were of Galilee, they were fufpeaed to be of the Sea of Galileans ; and it was on this Principle, as St. Jerom obferves, that the 'Pharijees laid a Snare for him, alking, whether it was lawful to give Tribute to Cmjar ; that in cafe he denied it, they might have an Occafion of accufing him. Jofeph. Ant. flld. L.°S. GALL, a yellow, bitter Juice, or Humor, calfd alfo Bile, fecreted from the Blood, in the Glands of the Liver, and de- pofited in a peculiar Refervoir, call'd the Gall-bladder. See Liver, and G^LL-Bladder.

The Bile contain'd in the Gall Eladder, properly call'd Gall, is fomewhat different from the Bile depofited in the Porus Biliarius; being of a brighter Yellow, a greater Conft- ftence, and more bitter and acrimonious. For the reft • the manner of Secretion with the Qualities, Ufe, ggc. of the two Juices, are the fame; which fee under the Article Bile.

The Gall of divers Animals, is found of divers Ufes t That of a Hog is faid to make the J; ir erow ; deterges and heals Ulcers of the Ears : That of a Lamb is recom^ mended for the Epilepfy : That of the Pike, for irr, fit- ting Fevers : That of the Carp, clears and tlrengthens the Sight: That of a Kid, mix'd with the white of an Egg, Bread, and Oil of Laurel, and applied in form of Poultice on the Navel ; is an approved Remedy for a quotidian Fe- ver: That of a Cock, and aBuiock, reputed good in Dif- eafes of the Eyes, and to take away Freckles a,:d other Disfigurements of the Skin. Sec Freckle, That of a Roe- buck, or Hare, deterges and carries off Clouds, Specks and Cataraas of the Eyes : That of the Boar, externally applied, is refolutive, and good in fcrophnlous Tumors: Thofe of the Sheep and Partridge, ferve to deterge and cleanfe Ulcers of the Eyes. Fa. Rtger adds, that the Mahometans of 'Pale- stine ufe no other Remedy againfl: Poifons, but feven, or eight Drops of the Gall of a Bear.

Gall Bladder, call'd alfo Vejlcula and funiculus fellis, is a membranous Receptacle, in Figure fomewhat like a Pear; fituate at the lower Margin of the Liver, en the concave Side, and about the Bignefs of a Pullet's Egg. See Bladder.

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