Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/859

 FUS

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FUT

FUSILLY, orFiisit.eE, is when a Field or Ordinary is Entirely cover'd over, or divided into Fujils. —

FUSION, the Solution, or melting of Metals, Minerals,. £f?C, by means of Fire : Or, the Act, of changing them from their folid State to a Fluor. Sec Solution, and Dissolu- tion.

To give the Ore its metallic Form, they fufb it : When it is va Fujion, the metalline Subftancc, being the heavieif, 'finks to the Bottom of the Furnace; the other terreftriai Matters riling in Form of Scoria to the Surface. See Metal.

'Tis commonly imagin'd, that the Fujion and metalline Form of Minerals is wholly the Effect of Fke ; and we have. Theories of Fufibility built on this Principle : But 'tis a mi- staken one. Fire, no doubt, is the principal Agent : But Fire alone is not fufficient.

A Mineral, or piece of Metal not purify'd, being put alone in a Crucible, melts with a world of Difficulty, and never becomes a perfect Metal : Copper Ore, for initance, being thus applied, its impure Part forms a Scoria, and vitrifies ; the metalline Part refiding at Bottom, under the Appearance of a black Regulus.

To promote the Fujion and Separation, they mix Coals, or Stones, or Cinders, or old Scoria along with the Ore ; the inflammable Principle in which, by help of the Fire, fufes them perfectly, fets the heterogeneous Part at liberty, and attaches it to the Top.

The general reafbn o£ Fujion is pretty eafily affign'J. The Firmnefs, or Solidity of the Body arifes from the Force wherewith its Particles cohere. See Firmness. And the Cohefion in all Bodies is as the Quantity of Contact in the component Particles. See Cohesion.

Now, the Corpufcles of Fire entering with Rapidity into the Pores of the Metal agitates, and by degrees, loolcns, di- vides, and diminifhes their ContacT:, till at length there is not enough to hinder their rolling over each other; and giving way upon the leaft Impulfc. See Fluidity.

The Dilatation obfervabie in all Fl$Ofts t i& a Proof that their Particles are feparated and let at a diftance from each other, and confequently their Contacts and Cohesions diminifVd.

In effect, Rarefaction and Dilatation is the necefiary Con- fequence of Fire and Heat. See Fire, Dilatation, Ra- refaction.

From the Difference of Cohefion proceeds that Variety w"e ob&cve in the Fujion of Bodies : for fuch as have leafl ContacT: of Parts, fooneft give way to the Fire ; and fome will melt away by the Warmth of a Vapour only, when o- thcrs, which have a flronger ContacT:, are not to be feparated, but with Difficulty. Upon this account, Vegetables very eafily difunite ; Minerals flower, and Metals flowed of all : And of the laft, thofe wherein the ContacT: of Parts is leaf!:, as in Lead and Tin, moft readily melt ; but thofe which are more compact as Gold, and Silver, are not to be managed, but by a violent Heat.

If now th& Force of Cohefion were proportional to the Quantity of Matter, or to the Weight of Bodies, we might from Statkks account for all the Variety that occurs in Fu- Jion ; for by knowing the fpecifick Gravity of a Body, we mould then know, what Force is required, to melt it : But becaufe the fame Quantity of Matter may be fo varioufly difpofed, that in one Body there fliall be a much greater ContacT:, than in another, tho' the Gravity be equal, or even lefs at the fame time ; therefore the Force of Cohefion can- not be eftimated by Gravity: For Lead, tho' more pon- derous than all other Metals, except Gold ; yet in the Fire is more eafily melted, than any other : So that it neceffarily follows, that in this Metal there mutt be a lefs Cohefion, or Contact of Parts, how much foever it may exceed others in the Quantity of its Matter. See Lead.

Bodies after Fujion return again into a folid Mafs, upon removing them from the Fire; becaufe their Particles here- upon approach nearer to one another by their attractive Force, and are fo compelled to unite.

Such as confift of homogeneous and unalterable Parts, as Wax, Gums, and the purer Metals, recover their antient Form : For when the fame Texture of Parts remains in the whole Body, it mafl of courfe reaffirm e the fame Appearance, when the fcparating Power ceafeth to aft; but other Bodies, ^fhofe Parts, with refpeft to Denfity and Surface, are ex-

tremely different from one another, while fame are carried off by, the Force of Heat, and others are changed as to Fi- gure and Pofition, muft be forced to appear in another Form : For they cannot recover their original Phafes, unlels every Particle could reinftate it felf in that very Situation it had before, which may be hindered infinite ways; as may be experienced eafily in heterogeneous Bodies.

The Difference, therefore, obferv'd even in homogeneous Bodies after Liquefaction, is no ways to be accounted for but from the changeablenefs of Surface in its Parts : For thofe Bodies whofe Parts conftantly retain the fame Surfaces, never lofe their Form ; but others, by having the Surfaces of their Parts altered, have a different Texture, and put on another Appearance.

FUST, in Architecture, the Shaft of a Column ; or that Part comprehended between the Bafe, and the Capital ; called alio the Naked. See Shaft.

The Fuji is that cylindrical Part, which makes, as it were, the Body, or Trunk of the Column, exclufive of the Head and Foot. See Column.

The Word is French, and literally fignifies a Cask,

FUSTIAN, in Commerce, a kind of Stuff, which feems, as it were, crofs'd, on one Side.

Right Fujlians mould be made altogether of Cotton Thread, both Woof, and Warp.

There are Fujlians of divers Kinds, wide, narrow, coarfe, fine; with Shag, or Nap, and without it. There are alfo a great many made whereof the Warp is Flax, or even Hemp.

Fujtian crofs'd, and napp'd on both Sides, is called Som- hajin.

The Plumbers ufe Fnflian to caft Lead on. See Plum- bery.

-Menage derives the Word from Fujlanum, which in the corrupt Latin Writers is ufed in the lame Senfe ; and is fuppofed to be formVl from Fufiis, on account of the Tree whereon the Cotton grows. See Cotton.

Soehart derives it from>fuJhat 7 which in Jlrabic fignifies the antient City of Memphis^ where Cotton is produced in great Abundance.

FUSTICK, or Fustock, a yellow Wood, us'd by the Dyers. See Dying.

The Colour it yields is a fine golden Yellow ; but there fhould be fome other Ingredients mix'd with it, to make it lading. See Yellow.

The Tree that yields it, grows in all the Antilles Iflands ; but particularly that of 'T'abago, where it rifes to a great Height.

The Dyers ufe it chiefly for Blacks. See Black. But. fome of the ableft, and honefteft among thcm 7 who would dye none but the beft, and moft Jafting Colours, are of Opi- nion it ihould be abfolutely excluded out of all Dying.

Befide this, there is another kind of Fujlick or Fujlel, growing in Italy, 'Provence, &c. ufed to dye a Coffee Colour.

F-UT-FA, in Mufick, one of the Clefs. See Clef.

FUTURE, fomething to come hereafter. A future Con- tingency. There is none but God to whom future Things are prefent. A future State. See Resurrection, and Immortality-

Future, or Future lenje, in Grammar, an Inflexion of Verbs, whereby they denote, that a Thing ixnll l>e, in fome Time yet to come. The laft Day will come. I /hall fee an End. See Tense.

The future Time admits of two Cafes : Either we may have a mind to exprefs a thing that mall come to pals in a fhort time; or a thing that fliall happen in any indefinite Time.

Thus the Greeks have their pernio pojl Future^ o\iya9 pi\hw, which marks a thing about to be done; as arunw/xteyi befide the common, indefinite Future wtfiffa, I will do it; amaho, I will love.

In Latin, Italian, French, and even Englijh, the Future of the Indicative exprefles only the Defign, or Intention of doing a thing, or Amply that the Thing will be 5 as, I will praife, I will be approved : And the Future of the Subjunc tive fliews that the thing will be done under certain Circum- ftances ; when I /hall have feen Ferfailles, I will tell you. Sometimes the Future is exprefs'd by the Prefent i If I naeet your Friend ; Ji offendcro ; Ji incidero.

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