Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/856

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FUR

In "Ulcers, Wifeman obferves, there frequently arifes a fbqngious, or fungous Flefh, either from the too great Af- flux of Humors ; or thro' the Surgeon's Unskilfulnefs.

It muft be fupprefs'rl, or taken off by drying Medicines, or even Caufticks : As Lapis finite, burnt Alum, Precipi- tate of Mercury, Roman Vitriol, iSc. See Ulcer.

There is alfo a malignant Jcind of Fungus rooted in the ReBimi. Sec Rectum.

FUNNEL of a Chimney, the Shaft, or fmalleft Part of the Chimney, from the Waft upwards. See Chimney.

Palladio orders, that the Funnel be carried three, four, or five Foot at leaft above the Roof, that it may carry the Smoak clear from the Houfe into the Air.

Care too is to be taken, as to the Width; for that if they be too wide, the Wind will drive back the Smoak into the Room ; and if too narrow, the Smoak will not be able to make its way.

Chamber Chimneys therefore are not to be made narrower than ten or eleven Inches ; nor broader than fifteen.

FURBISHER, a Perfon who furbifies or polim.es Arms, and gives them a Btightnefs and Luftre. See Furbishing.

In the general Senfe of the Word, it includes what we now call Armorers and Sword Cutlers : In a more reitrain'd Senfe, it is appropriated ro thofe who clean, and lcour up old Swords, Guns, Halberds, and put them in order.

Among the Ofliccrs of the Tower is a FurbiJJicr of fmall Anns, and another of Swords. And the like is at moil of the Palaces and Armories of England ; as St. fame's, Wind- for, Chejler, Plymouth, Hull, and Berwick.

FURBISHING, the Aft of cleaning, fcoiiring, and po- lilhing Arms; as Guns, Piftols, Swords, f£c. See Fur- eisher ; iee alio Sword, Gun, £?c

Furbijhing is principally perform 'd with Emery. Sec E-

MERY.

The Word is form'd of the French Fourbijfurc, which Hicks derives from Furben ; which in the Language of the antient Franks fignify'd to clean and polifh.

M. Hllct chufes rather to derive the French Fourbir and Fourbeffure, from the Englifh Furbifo, and F'urbijlnng.

Skinner obferves, that lbme Authors derive the Englilh Furbijh from the Latin furvus, and fervor ; but for his part he rather derives it from the German Farb, Colour, and farben, to give a colour.

FURCA, Fork, in Antiquity, a kind of Punifhment, or rather Intirument of Punifhment, among the Romans.

The Form of the Roman Furca is very obfeurely defcribed by the Antients, and much controverted by the Moderns.

All we know for certain, is that it was of Wood, and re- fembled a Fork ; whence it is called in Writers £okw JW- Aar, £i-*.fiv, MPtpov, that is, lignum duplex, bicornutum, ge~ riiinuin, a double fork'd or horned Timber.

Plutarch, treating of the Furca, fays, it isoriginally a piece of Timber, wherewith the Beam of the Waggon was upheld : He adds, that it is the fame with what the Greeks call Hy- pojlate and Sterigma : And the Sterigma is defcribed by Helychius as the forked Piece of Timber put under the Yoke of the Waggon.

From the two, Goodwin takes the Furca to have been the Beam of a Waggon, to which the Yokes were faften'd.

The Punilhmentof the Furca was of three kinds : The firft, only Ignominious, was when a Mailer fore'd his Servant for fmall Offences to carry a Furca, or Fork on his Shoul- ders, about the City ; conferring his Fault, and warning others to beware of the like ; whence fuch Servant came to be denominated Furcifer.

The fecond kind was 'Penal ; when the Party having the Furca on his Neck, was lead about the Circus, or other Place, and whip'd all the way.

The third was Capital ; the Malefactor having his Head faften'd to the Furca, and fo whip'd to death.

In After-times of the Empire, when Crucifying became interdicted, the Form of the Furca was changed, and made like our Gibets or Gallows. See Cross, Crucifying, Gibet, &c.

Furca, in our antient Cuftoms, was the fame with Ca- tifurcia, or Foffa, i.e. Gallows, and Pit; viz. a Right or Jurifdiction of punifhing Felons ; that is, Men with hanging; Women with drowning. See Gallows.

FURCHE, in Heraldry, a Crofs in the Form here reprefented. See Cross.

FURCULA, in Anatomy ; fee Juou-

LUM.

FURFUR, literally fignifies Hulk, or Chaff ; and therefore is ufed for the Scales, Scurf, or Dandriff, which grows upon the Skin with fome Likenefs thereto. Sec Cuticle. Hence FURFURATION, the falling oft" of Furfures in Comb- ing, igc.

FURIF,S,Eumenides, DiRffi, in the Heathen Theology, and Poetry, were internal Deities, luppofed to enter, and poftefs Men 5 to torment, and jpunilh them. See Gorj.

The Furies were reputed the Ministers of 'Pluto; arid the Avengers of Crimes. Stro.bo paints them cloathed in long Robes falling to their Heels, but girt about the Breatt. They were thtee 'in Number : Tyfipkone, Megf.ra, and A- leSo.

Patin, Spanbeittt, &c. will have it to be them, which we fee on a Medal of the Emperor Philip, (truck at Antioch, on whofe Reverfe are reprelented three Women dreis'd as above mentioned, and arm'd with a Key, burning Torches, Poniards, and Serpents.

Struvius, Jntia. Rom. Synt. C. I. p. .18:. adds, that the three Furies may probably be no other than the triple He- cate, whom the Antients believ'd to puriue and torment tha Wicked in Hell, on Earth, and in Heaven.

Some of the Poets add a fourth Fury, call'd Lyffa ± st Greek Word, fignifying Madncfs, Rage. They repreftnt them with Eyes inflanVd ; their Heads twilled round with Snakes, with Whips and burning Torches in their Hands to punifh, the Guilty. .

The Daffodil was facred to the Furies ; and fuch as oi- fer'd Sacrifices to them, were crown'd therewith. Tmswe learn from Euftathius, on the firft Book of the Iliad, p. 87. Thefe Furies were alfo call'd Pxms, n»(mi, by reafon ol the Punifhments they inflicted on Criminals: As their De- nomination Furies arofe from the Rage and Madnels, which they threw into the Conlcience. Vol]', de Idclol. L. VIlu c 18.

The Greeks call'd them Eumcuides; the Origin of which Name is much controverted among the Learned : The Ety- mology that feeins bell authorized, derives it from &M'kt gentle, mild ; which was applied to them on cccafion of O' rejles's being ablblv'd of the Murther committed by him or* the Perfon of his Mother. Minerva, it feems, appeas'd and pacified the Furies ; fo that they ceas'd to purine him : Upon which the Athenians ever after denominated their! Eumenides.

But it muft be added, that the Athenians called them ey the fame Name, long before Oreftes's time ; as appears from the Oedipus of Sophocles. There was a Temple in Athens, near the Areopagus, confecrated to the 'Eumenides, whom tte Athenians call'd Venerable GJdeJfes. Ariftides and the Scholiaft of I'b-'cydides fpeak of this Temple as ereaed in Memory of the Judgment of Orefl.es. See Eumenides. FURLING Lines, are fmall Lines made fait to the Top-fails, Top-gallant Sails, and to the Mifen-yard Arms, ferving to furlc up thofe Sails.

The Mifen hath but one Furling Line, but all the reft have two, one at each End.

FURLONG, an Englilh long Meafure, containing the eighth Part of a Mile. See Mile, and Measure.

The Englijh Furlong is equal to forty Poles, or Perches 5 and the Perch to i<S| Feet. See Perch, Foot.&c.

Hercules is faid to have run a Stadium or Furlong at one breath. See Stadium.

Furlong is alfo us'd for the eighth Part of an Acre, now called a Rood. See Rood.

Tho', in an old Law Book, printed in Henry the VIII's time, we read, that fix hundred Foot, of five Score to the Hundred, make a. Furlong. See Acre.

In the former Signification the Romans call it Stadium ; in the latter, Jitgerum.

Furlong is alio us'd for a piece of Land, of more, or lefs Acres.

Omnibus Chrifti Fidel. Johannes 'Blunt de Eye, Arm. ^'Dedit ■T'/.'omte Croft E? Franafco Level, Arm. mum Fur- lonoum terns arabilis continen. per teflimationem quatuor Acras, &c. Dat. so Jan. 3 Elia.

FURLOUGH, a Licence granted by an Officer to as Soldier, to be abfent for a while.

FURNACE, an Utenfil, or Veffel, proper to contain Fire ; or to raife and maintain a vehement Fire in ; whether of Coal, or Wood. See Fire.

There are divers kinds of Furnaces, of various Forms, and for various Ufes.

The Domeftick Furnace, us'd in making Confections, gjc. is ufually of Iron, or Earth.

Thofe us'd by the Goldfmiths, Refiners, Sic. are mucin larger, and of a different Structure.

Thofe wherein Lime, Bricks, £J?f. are burnt, are called Kilns. See Lime, Brick, &c.

Furnace is particularly us'd for a kind of Oven, where- in the Ores of Metais, after beating, wafting, £>£■ are melted down, by a huge Coal or Wood Fire. Sec Fusion.

The StruBure and Application of thefe Furnaces is fome- what different in the different Metals. See Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin, &c.

Furnace is more ftricHy applied to thole usd in the melting of Iron ; which Authors frequently confound with lion Forges ; tho' there is a confiderable Difference bettveea them,


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