Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/853

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fer the People had withdrawn from it. As related by Varro Z. V. de Ling. Lat-.

But Varro relates, that the c Poplifugia, which fell on the Month of June, were held in Memory of the Flight, or Re- treat of the People, in a Sedition rais'd among them : 'Tis true, he adds, that the Day followed loon alter the Re- treat of the Gauls, and the time when the neighbouring Na- tions confpir'd againft them : But this does not appear to liavc any relation to the c Poplifugia, being only meant to mark the JEra, or Time when the Sedition and Flight of the Roman People happen'd.

After all, tho the Toplifugia might have been originally eftablifh'd in Commemoration of the Flight of the People; and not that of the Enemies 5 this does not hinder, but the Fugalia of St. Augufiin may probably be the poHifugia of Varro : according to the Conjecture of Vivcs.

FUGITIVE, a Wanderer, or Renegado j a Perfon ob- lig'd to fly his Country, or remove from a tflace where he had fome Aboad, or Eftablifhment • on account of his Crimes, Debts, or other Occafions.

A Perfon who has broke open, or efcaped out of Prifon, is oblig'd to be a Fugitive, Cain became a Fugitive, after the Murther of his Brother.

Among the Learned, fiigitive Pieces are thofe little Com- jioritions, on loofe Sheets, or half Sheets ; thus call'd, be- caufe eafily loft, and foon forgot.

In the Roman Law, a Fugitive Slave was fuch a one as was apt to run away from his Mafter. In felling a Slave, the Ma- iler was oblig'd to declare, whether or no he were fugitive. The Term is alfo apply'dtoDefcrters in an Army 5 or thofe who fly from the Combat.

Fugitives Goods, Sena Fugitivorum, are the proper Goods of him that flies upon Felony ; which after the Flight lawfully found, do belong to the King, or Lord of the Ma- nor, See Waif,

FUGUE, in Mufic, is when the different Parts of a mu- fical Compoiition follow each other; "each repeating what the firft had performed.

There are three kinds of Fugues : The Single Fugue 5 Double Fugue, and Counter fugue.

The Single, or Simple Fugue, is Tome Point confiding of 4, 5, 6, or any other Number of Kotcs, begun by one fingle Part, and then feconded by a third, fourth, fifth, and fixth Part, if the Composition confifts of fo many, re- peating the fame, or fuch like Notes ; fo that the feveral Parts follow, or come in, one after another in the fame manner, the leading Parts {till flying before thofe which follow.

VvGVE-^DouhlCy is when two or more different Points move together in a Fugue, and are alternately interchanged by feveral Parts*

For the Counter Fuge, fee Counter Fugue.

The Italians fay, a Fugue of Rooms, or Chambers, mean- ing a Series, or Range of Rooms, the Doors whereof an- fwer in a Right Line behind each other; fo as they may be all feen at once, from one Extreme to the other.

FULCRUM, Prop, in Mechanicks 5 fee Lever.

FULIGINOUS, an Epithet applied to a thick Smoak, or Vapour, replete with Soot, or other crals Matter. See Smoak, Soot, and Vapour.

The Word is form'd from the Latin Ful/go, Soot ; and is rarely ufed but when join'd with Vapour. In the firft Fu- iion of Metals there exhales a great deal of fuliginous Va- pour ; which retained and collected, makes what we call Litharge. See Litharge.

Lampblack is what is gathcr'd from the fuliginous Va- pours of Pines, and other refinous Woods, when burnt. See Lamp Black.

Some Phyiicians talk of fuliginous Vapours, emitted from the Spleen to the Brain; which they will have the Caufe of the Hypocondriac and HyitericDiibrdcrs : Thence called the Vapours and Spleen. See Hypocondriac, Sec.

FULL, is varioufly us'd, in oppofition to empty, narrow, confin'd, &C*

The Carte/tans hold, that the Univerfe is full, 1. e. eve- ry Part, or Point has Matter in it. See Plenum.

When the Body is full of Humors, it iliould be purged. See Plenitude, and Plethora.

An Embaffador has full Power given him to act, tranf-

act, 2>c< The Army was in full March, i. e. the whole

Army was in March, with all the Forces it confHled of. — ■ A Man is faid to bear the Arms of a Family, full, i. e. without any Differences. See Difference.

Full Moon, 'Pfenilnnium, the Phafis of the Moon, when her whole Dili, or Face is illumined ; which is in the Time of her Oppofition to the Sun. See Phasis, Moon, and Opposition.—

Eclipfes of the Moon, happen at the time of full Moon, See Eclipse.

FULLER, a Workman employ 'd in the Manufactories, to full, mill, or fcour Cloths, Rateens, Serges, and other woolen Stuffs, by means of a Mill; to render them thicker, more compact, and durable. Sec Fulling,

The Fullers, among the Romans, waJVd, fcouf'd, and fitted up Cloaths; and their Office was judged of that Im- portance, that there were formal Laws prefcrib'd them for the manner of performing it.

Such was the Lex Metclla de Fullonibus. See alfo!P// ? /y L. VH. c. 56". Ulpian lib. 12. £f. de Furtis, 1. 13. §. 6. Zoca- ti, 1. 12. $. 6. ff. &c.

The Word is torm'd of the Latin Fullo, which Signifies the fame thing.

Fullers Earth, a fatty, foffile Earth, abounding inNi, trc ; of great Ufe in the woolen Manufacture.

It ferves to fcour Cloths, Stuffs, £5?c. and imbibe all the Grcafe, and Oil neceffarily ufed in the preparing, dreffing, &c. of the Wool. See Wool, Carding, Weaving,- Cloth, &c.

Fullers Earth is only dug out of certain Pitts near 'Brick- hill in Stajford/Jnre ■ no other Country affording any.

It is absolutely neceffary to the well dreffmg of Cloth - and hence, Foreigners, who can procure Wool to be clan- deftinely exported out of the Kingdom, can never reach to the Perfection of the Englijh Cloths, &c. without Fullers Earth.

For this reafon, it is made a contraband Commodity 5 and the Export made cquilly criminal, with that of ex- porting Wool. See Contraband.

Abroad they make great ufe of Urine, in lieu of Fullers Earth. This Earth abounds much in the vegetative Salt, which promotes the Growth of Plants ; and" is therefore reckon'd by Sir H. 'Plat, and others, a great Improver of Land. When difTolv'd in Vinegar, it difperfes Pimples and Pufhes; checks Inflammations, and cures Burns.

Fullers Weed, Thijlle, or Teazle. See Teazle.

FULLERY, a Work-houfe, or Place where Cloths, &c. are filled.

The Term is principally underflood of the Fulling Mill.

Thus, when they fay, Carry that Cloth, Serge, or the like, to the Fullery, they mean it is to be fent to the Mill, to be fcour'd and fulled. See Fulling Mill.

FULLING, the Art, or Aft of cleaning, beating, and preffing Cloths, Stuffs, Stockings, to render them ftronger, clofer, and firmer ; call'd alio Milling. See Mill.

Pliny, lib. 7. cap. 16. affures, that one Nicias, the Soa of Hermias, was the firft Inventor of the Art of Fulling : Audit appears by an Infcription, quoted by Sir G. Wheeler* in his Travels thro' Greece, that this fame Nicias was ?* Governour in Greece, in the time of the Romans.

The Fulling of Cloths, and other Stuffs, is perform 'd by a kind of Water Mill 5 thence call'd Fulling, or Scouring Mill.

Thefe Mills, excepting in what relates to the Mill Stones and Hopper, are much the fame with Corn Mills. And there are even fome, which ferve indifferently for either Ufe; Corn being ground, and Cloths full'd by the Motion of the fame Wheel.

Whence, in fome Places, particularly France, the Fullers are call'd Millers: as grinding Corn, and milling Stuffs at the lame tune.

The principal Parts of the Fulling Mill, are, The Wheel* with its Trundle ; which gives Motion to the 'Tree, or Spin- dle, whofe Teeth communicate it to the Pejiles, or Stam- pers, which are hereby railed, and fallen alternately accord- ing as its Teeth catch on, or quit a kind of Latch in tho Middle of each Peltlc. The Peftles and Troughs are of Wood ; each Trough having at lealt two, fometimes threo Pefties, at the Dilcrction of the Malter, or according to th# Force of the Stream of Water.

In thefe Troughs are laid the Cloths, Stuffs, £5?c intended to bo fulled: Then, letting the Current of Water fall on the Wheel, the Pcitles are fucceflively let fall thereon, and by their Weight and Velocity {tamp, and prefs the Stuffs very ftrongly ; which by this means become thickned and condenfed.

In the Courfe of the Operation, they fometimes make ufe of Urine; fometimes Fullers Earth, and fometimes Soap.

To prepare the Stuffs, to receive the firft Impreffions of the Peltle, they are ufually laid in Urine; then in Fullers Earth, and Water,; and lallly in Soap, diffblv'd in hot Water,

Soap alone would do very well; but this is expenfivej though Fullers Earth, in the way of our dreifing, is fearce inferior thereto ; but then it mult be well clear'd of alt Stones and Grittineffes, which are apt to make Holes in the Stuff.

As to Urine, 'tis certainly prejudicial, and ought to be entirely difcarded ; not fb much on account of its ill Smell, as of its Sliarpnefs, and Saltncfs ; which is apt to render the Stufts dry and harih.

The true Method of Fulling with Soap, is deliver'd by Monl. Colinet, in an authentic Memoir on that Subject, fup- ported by Experiments made by order of the Marquis de Lowvois, then Superintendent of the Arts and Manufactories of France. The Subflance of which we iliall here fubjoin.

Method