Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/842

 FRE

(s>$)

FRE

tambard obferves, that Land, in the Stum* time, was from their Notion of Fluidity,, where the Parts are fuppos'd diftinguim'd into Sockland, i.e. holden by Book, or Writ-


 * ,,,£. and Folk- land, held without Writing.

The former, he fays, was held on far better Condition, and by the better fort of Tenants; as Noblemen and Gentle- men ; being fuch as we now call Freehold : The latter was inouMy in Pofleffion of Peafants; being the fame with what we now call at the Will of the Lord, See Bockland, and

pOLKLAND.

In Reg. Judicial, it is cxprefs'd, that he who holds Land upon an Execution of a Statute Merchant, until he hath fa- tisfy'd the Debt, tenet tit liberum tenementum fibi £# ajjig- natis fms- ? and the fame of a Tenant per Elegit: The Mean- ing of which feems to be, not that fuch Tenants are Free- holders, but as Freeholders for the Time till they have re- ceiv'd Profits to the Value of their Debt. — —

In the antient Laws of Scotland, Freeholders are call'd Mi- lites, Knights.— —

FREEZE, orFRizE, in Architecture, that Part of the Entablature of Columns, between the Architrave and Cor- niche. See Entaelature.

The Freeze is properly a large, flat Face, or Member fe- parating the Architrave from the Corniche. See Corniche.

The Anticnts call'd it Zophoros, Z^o^k, by reafon it was ufually enrich'd with Figures of Animals; and our Deno- mination Freeze has a like Origin, being form'd of the Latin -Phrygio, an Embroiderer, becaufe commonly adorn'd with Sculptures in Baflb Relievo, imitating Embroidery.

The Freeze is fuppos'd to be intended to reprefent the Heads of the tranfverfe Beams that fuftain the Roof or Co- vering.

ppo to be in a continual Motion. See Fluid.

In effect, one may pretty fafely fay with fome of thofe Philofophers, That Water only freezes, becaufe its Parts lofe their natural Motion, and adhere dole to each other. See Firmness. .

'The 'Principal 'Phenomena of Freezing are, i° That Water dilated or rarify'd, and all Fluids, Oil ex- cepted, in freezings i.e. take up more Space, and are ipecifically lighter than before.

That the Bulk, or Dimenfions of Water is inereas'd by freezing, is Matter of abundant Experiment ^ and here it may be proper to obferve the Procefs of Nature.

A Glafs VeiTel, then, B D full of Water to D, being immergM in a Veffel of Water, mix'd with~SaIt, R S T V, the Water prefent- ly rifes from E to F; which feems owing to the fudden ConftriSion of the Veffel nattily nlung'd into fo cold a Medium, Soon after, from the Point F it continually defcends, con- denfing, till it arives at the Point G 5 where, for fome time, it feems to remain at reft. But it foon recovers it felf, and begins to expand ; riling from GtoH; and from thence, foon here the Water in B is immediately feen all thick, and cloudy ; and in the very [nflant of this Leap, is converted into Ice. Add, that while the Ice is growing harder; and fome of the Water near the Neck of the Veffel B is freezing, the Flux of Water is continued above I, towards D, and it at length runs out at the Veffel.
 * frer, by one- violent Leap, mounts to I. And

2 That they lofe not only of their Spccifkk, but alfo of their Abfolute Gravity, by freezing ; fo that whenthaw'd again, they arc found considerably lighter than before. 3 That frozen Water is not quite ft) tranfparent, aS

In the Tufcan Order it is quite plain: In the Z)ow, en- rich'd with Triglyphs : In the Ionic, 'tis fometimes made arcri'd, orfwelling ; particularly in which cafe 'tis call'd by Vi- triivim, 'Pulvinatus, q. d. pillow'd : In the Corinthian, and Compojite, it is frequently join'd to the Architrave, by a

little Sweep ; and fometimes to the Corniche. Andinthefe when liquid; and that Bodies don't perfpire fo freely thro' richer Orders it it ufually adorn'd with Sculpture, Figures, it.

4° That Water, when froze, evaporates almoft as much as when fluid.

That Water docs nor freeze in Vacuo; but requires

Compartiments, Hiftaries, Foliages, Feftoons, &c. SeeTus can, Doric, Ionic, Sic.

As to the Height of the Freeze, 'tis in the general much the fame with that of the Architrave.

The Tufcan Freeze, VitrWoius makes 30 Minutes ; Vig- nola, 3 5 ; \Palladio, who makes it fwelling, gives it but 2.<J; and Scamozz'. 42. The 'Doric, in Vitrwuius and Vignola, is 30 or 40 Min: In 'Palladia, &c. 4.5. The Ionic, Vitruv'ms makes flat, adorned with Acanthus Leaves, Lions, £yc. and makes it 30 Minutes high: Vignola, who alfo makes it flat, gives it 45 Minutes : And 'Palladia, who makes it convex, or fwelling, 27 Minutes; and Scammozzi 28. The Corin- thian, Vitruvhis enriches with Acanthus Leaves, human Figures, &c. and makes its Height 37 Minutes : Vignola, 45; ^Palladio 28 ; and Scamozzi 5 r^. Laftly, the Compofite, ■which in Vitrit-vius is fet with Cartoufes, and carv'd between them, is 52^ Min; Vigncla, who makes it like Vitruv'ms,

r

the Prefcnce and Contiguity of the Air.

6° That Water which has been boiled, does net freeze. quite fo readily as that which has not.

7 That the Water being cover'd over with a Surface of Oil of Olives, does not freeze fo readily as without it : And that Nut Oil abfolutely preferves it under a ftrong Froft, when Olive Oil would not.

8^ That Spirit of Wine, Nut Oil, and Oil of Turpentine don't freeze at all.

9° That the Surface of the Water, in freezing, appears all wrinkled ; the Ruga, or Wrinkles being fometimes in parallel Lines, and fometimes like Rays, proceeding from a Centre to the Circumference.

'The Theories of Freezing, or the Method of account-

only gives it 45 Min. 'Palladia who makes it fwelling, only ing for thefe Phenomena, are very numerous.

And Scamozzi, 32.

From the Variety of Enrichments pra£t3c'd on the Freezes, they become varioufly denominated.

Convex, or l Pttlvinated Freezes, are thofe whofe Profile is a Curve ; the beft Proportion whereof, is, when drawn on the Bale of an equilateral Triangle.

In fome the Swelling is only a-top, as in a Confole : In others at Bottom, as in a Ballufler.

Ruftic Freezes are thofe whofe Courfes areruflicated,or imbofs'd ; as in the lilfian Freeze of 'Palladio.—

Flourijtid Freezes are thofe enrich'd with Rinds of ima- ginary Foliages ; as the Corinthian Freeze of the Frontilpiece Freezing are reducible. of Nero: Or with Natural Leaves, either in Clutters ; or Garlands: Or Continued, as in the Ionic of the Gallery of Jlpollo in the Louvre.

Marine Freezes are thofe reprefenting Sea Horfes, Tri- tons, and other Attributes of the Sea; or Shells, Baths, Grotto's, S?c.

Hithorical Freezes are thofe adorn'd with Bafs-Relievo's

n ... — TT?n_„-_- o :£ cr 5 .. — -I.- a-_t- «f fr*;**,,

The great Principles different Authors have gone upon, are either, That fome foreign Matter is intioduc'd within the Pores of the Fluid, by whofe means it is fix'd, its Bulk encreas'd, &c.

Or, that fome Matter naturally contain'd in the Fluid, is now expell'd ; by the Abfence whereof the Body becomes fix'd, (ge.

Or, that there is fome Alteration produe'd in the Texture or Form, either of the Particles of the Fluid it felf, or of* fomething contain'd within it.

To fome one of which Principles all the Syftems of >le

I. The Carte/lam, e. gr. who afcribe all to the Quietude of the Parts of the Fluid, before in Motion ; account for Freezing from the Recefs of the cetherial Matter oat of the Pores of the Water. The Activity of that ^Ether, of fubtle Matter, they hold to be that which gave the Parti- cles of the Fluid their Motion : Confequentiy, upon the Ab j reprefenting Hiftories, Sacrifices, t£c. as the Arch of Itilus fence of this Matter, the Fluidity muft ceafe.

at Rome. Tho' others of the fame Sect afcribe Freezing to a Di-

Symlolical Freezes are thofe adorn'd with the Attributes minution of the ufual Force and Efficacy of the aitherial of Religion; as the Corinthian, of the Temple behind the Matter, occafion'd by an Alteration in the Temperature of Capitol at Rome, whereon are reprefented the Inftruments the Air, whereby it is incapacitated for agitating the Parts and Apparatus of Sacrifice. of the Fluid as ufual.

Freeze of the Capital, fee Hvpotrachelidm.

Freeze, in Commerce, a kind of Cloth, or Stuff; fee II. The Gaffendijls, and other Corpufcularians, with more Prize. Probability afcribe the Freezing of Water to the Ingrefs of

FREEZING, Congelation, in Phyfiology, the Fixing Multitudes of cold or frigorifick Particles, which entering of a Fluid ; or depriving it of its natural Mobility, by the the Liquor in Swarms; and difperfing themfelves everyway AEtion of Cold : Or the Aft of converting a fluid Subftance thro' it, do croud into the Pores of the Water, and hinder into a firm, coherent, rigid one, call'd Ice. See Ice, and the wonted Agitation of its Parts ; wedging it up, as it Cole. were, into the hard and confiftent Body of Ice. And hence

The Cartefiani define Freezing to be the refting of a fluid its Increafe of Dimenfions, Coldnefs, &c. Body, harden'd by Cold ; which follows naturally enough

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