Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/840

 FRA

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FRE

Frank, or Frenk, primarily denotes a Frenchman; and by Extenfion, an European, or rather a Latin, by reafon, fay they, the French diftinguilh'd themfelves above the o- ther Nations, engag'd in the Holy War. See Croisade.

But Fa. Gear, in his Notes on Codinus, c. V. n. 43. fur- nifhes another Origin of the Appellation Franks, of greater Antiquity than the former.

He obferves that the Greeks at firft confin'd the Name Franks to the French, i. e. the German Nations, who had fettled themfelves in France, or Gaul: But afterwards they gave the fame Name to the Apulians and Calairians, af- ter they had been conquer'd by the Normans; and at length the Name was further extended to all the Latins.

In this Senfe is the Word us'd by divers Greek Writers; as Commenhts, &c. who, to diftinguifh the French, call them the Western Ffianks.

'Du Cange adds, that about the time of Charlemaign, they diftinguifh'd Eaftern France; Weftern France; and Latin, or Roman France, and German Franc?, which was the antient France, afterwards call'd Franconia.

The Frank Language, or Lingua Franca, is a kind of Jargon, fpoke on the Mediterranean, and particularly rhro'- out the Coafts and Ports of the Levant; compos'd of Ita- lian, Spaniflo, French, vulgar Greek, and other Languages.

The Lingua Franca is the Trading Language; and is thus call'd from the Franks, a common Appellation given in the Levant to all the European Merchants and Traders, who come thither to traflick.

In this Language, if it may be fo call'd, nothing but the Infinitive Mood of each Verb is us'd; this ferving for all the Tenfes and Moods of the Conjugation: And yet this lame, mutilated Diction, this barbarous Medly, is learnt and un- derftood by the Merchants and Mariners of all Nations who repair thither.

Frank, or Franc, is alfo an antient Coin, ftruck, and current in France; thus call'd from its Impreflion, which reprefented a Frenchman, fometimes on horfeback, and fometiraes on foot. See Coin.

The Frank was either of Gold, or Silver : The firft was worth fomewhat more than the Ecu d'Or, or Gold Crown; See Ecu.

The fecond was a Third of the firfl : But the Money has been long difus'd.

The Term Frank, however, is ftill retain'd, as the Name of a Money of Account. In this Scnle it is equivalent to a JLivre, or 20 Sols, or } of a French Crown.

Thus they fay indifferently, a hundred Franks, or a hun- dred Livres. .Sec Livre.

FRATERNITY, Brotherhood, the Relation, or U- nion of Brothers, Friends, Partners, Aflbciates, £$c. See Brother-, and Company.

Fraternity, in a Civil Senfe, is particularly us'd for a Gild, Affociation, or Society, of Perfons, united into a Body, for fome common Intereft, Advantage, &c. For the Ori- gin, Ufe, &c of Fraternities, fee Gild.

Fraternity, in a Religious Senfe, is a Society of Perfons, meeting together to perform fome Exercifes of Devotion, or Divine Worfhip. See Society.

In the Romijh Church, fuch Fraternities are very nu- merous and considerable; being moll of them eftablifh'd by Royal Patents : As the Fraternity of the Scapulary; of St. Francis's Cord. The Bifhop may hinder the Eftablifh- ment of any fuch Fraternity in his Diccefe. At Rome there is a Fraternity call'd the Archi-Fratemity, or Grand Fraternity, under the Title of Our Lady of the Suffrages, eftablifh'd in favour of the Souls in Purgatory; approv'd and confirm 'd by a Bull of Pope Clement VIII. m 1 5S4.

There are nine different Sorts of Fraternities, or Con- fraieries in France, viz. i° Of Devotion, i? Of Chanty, or Mercy. 3 Of 'Penitents, under divers Names. 4, Of 'Pilgrimages. 5 Of Merchants, to procure the Divine Fa- vour on their Endeavours. 6" Of Officers ofjuftice. 7 Of the Sufferings ofChrifi. 8° Of Arts andTrades of divers kinds; and 9° Of Factions..

Fraternities, in latin call'd Sodalitates, derive their Origin from the Heathens; as is lhcwn by (Polydore Virgil, in bis Book de Inventionc Rerum.

The good Ufe made of them by the Chriftians, has ef- fectually purg'd them of any Impurities, deriv'd from fo ill a Source. ..

Ntttna 'Pompilins is faid to have eftablifh'd Fraternities of all the Arts and Trades in antient Rome; and to have prefcrib'd the Sacrifices each Profcflion was to perform to the Patrons or Tutelary Gods he had affign'd them. See College.

Fraternity is alfo a Title, or Quality. See Quality.

Kings and Emperors gave it each other; fo do Bifhops, and Monks. We meet with it frequently in Authors un- der the Eaftern Empire, both Greek, and Latin; ifa^irns, Fraternitas.

Fraternity of Arms, was an Alliance, or Affociation in Arms, antiently concluded between two Knights, who there-

by agreed to go together, fharc their Fortune, and mutually affift each other againft all the World. •

Bertrand dtt Guefclin, and Oliver Cli/fo" f»ore a Fra- ternity of Arms in the Year 1579. laying their Hands on the

Gofpels. Hift. deSret. T. 1.?. 3 9 5- .. . .;

FRATICELLI, a Seft of Hereticks, who role in the Marquifate of Ancona, about the Year 1294..

The Word is an Italian Diminutive, figmfymg Fram-. cult or little Brothers; and was here us'd, by reafon they were moft of them apoilate Monks, whom the Italians call Fratelli. , ' _ _. ,

The Founders were <P. Manrato, and T.de Foffbmlrone; who having obtain'd of Pope Cdeftin V. a Perm.ftion to live in Solitude? after the manner of Hermits, and to obferve the Rule of St. Francis in all its Rigor; feveral idle, vaga- bond Monks ioin'd them; who living after their own fan- cies, and making all Perfe6tion to confift in 1-overty, were foon condemn'd by Pope •Boniface VIII. and the in- quifitors order'd to proceed againft them as HereticKS.. Upon this, retiring into Sicily; 'Peter John Oliva de Seng-. nan had no fooner publifh'd his Comment on tue Apoca- lvpfe, than they adopted his Errors. ' They held the Romip? Church to be Saiylcn; and pro-, pos'd to eftablifti another far more petfea one; maintain d that the Rule of St. Francis was the Evangelical P^ule 00- ferv'd by Jefus Chrift and his Apoftles.

Some fay they even eleflcd a Pope of their New Church : At leaft they appointed a General, with Superiors : Built Monafleries, &c. Befide the Opinions of Oliva, they held that the Sacraments of the Church were ulelels; by rcaion thofe whe adminifter'd them, had no longer any Power or Turifdiclion. . ,

They were condemn'd a-frefh by Pope John iiU: out feveral of them returning into Germany, were flicker d by the Duke of "Bavaria..

The Fraticelli had divers Denominations : They were call'd Fraticelli, by reafon they liv'd in Community, in imi- tation of the Primitive Chriftians; tDlllcim, from one o. their Doctors; and Bifichcs, for what realon we den't know.

FRATRAGE, Fratriagium, or Frep.age, the rar- tition among Brothers, or Coheirs, coming to the lame In- heritance or Succcflion. See Partition. f

Fratrage is alfo us'd more particularly for that lart 0. the Inheritance, which comes to the youngell Brothers : For whatever the Cadets, or younger Brothers pofiefs ot the Father's Eftate, they poffefs rations Irarragu, and are to. do Homage to the older Brother lor it; in regard he is to Homage for the Whole to the Superior Lord. See Homage.

FRATRES Conjurati, in our antient Law Books, be. denote fworn Brothers, or Companions.

Sometimes they are alfo fo call'd who were lworn to de- fend the King againft his Enemies, Leg. W. 1. cap. 59. -•.

Cain committed the firft Fratricide : The Empire of Rome begun with a Fratricide. ,

FRAUD, a fecret, under-hand, Deceit, or Injury, done any one. .

To export, or import Goods by Fraud, or fraudulently^ is to do it by indirect ways; in order to avoid the paying ot Duty, &c. if they be permitted Goods; or if they be con- traband Goods, to avoid the Penalties adjudg'd by the Laws. See Defraud.

A Fraudulent Action, Fraudulent Bankrupt, Sec. fee Bankrupt.

FRAY, literally fignifies to fret; as Cloth or Stuft does by rubbing, or over-much wearing.

Among Hunters a Deer is faid to fray her Head, when /he rubs it againft a Tree, to caufe the Pills of her new Horns to come off.

FRECKLES, a kind of little, hard, dufky Bubo's, or Puflles, arifing on the Skin of the Face, or Hands; parti- cularly in Perfons of the faireft, fined Skins.

Some pick the Freckles out with a Pin; orfqueeze them out with the Fingers.

Freckles, according to M. Homherg, are only the earthy, oily, and faline Part of the Sweat; retain'd in the Plexus, or Ma/lies of the Skin. While the aqueous Liquor, which was their Vehicle, is evaporated by the Heat ot the Body, thefe groffer Parts are gradually accumulated, till the Ma- fhes are full. . " . ■

Some Parts of this Sweat, he obferves, arecontinual.y oozing thro' theCuticle; and being of a vifcid nature, retain the Dirt, Duft, tfc. that flies about the Face. This v.fcd Matter on the Surface of the Freckles will ffict there notwithstand- ing any repeated Wipings, which rather condenle and prefs it into the P Cavities thereof. 'Tis this Dull, thu incorpo- rated with the glutinous Bafis above-mentioned that forms thofe black Specks on the Pores of moft Peoples Notes in
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