Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/822

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This Quality of Lord Forefter held till the time of Char- lemaigti, or, according to others, of Charles the Said, in whole Time Flanders being creeled into a County, the Ti- tle of Foreftcrs was chang'd into that 01 Count. See Count FORFEITURE, originally fignifies a Tranfgreffion, or Offence againft fome penal Law.

But with us, it is now more frequently us'd for the Effeft of fuch Tranfgreffion, or the lofing fome Right, Privilege, Eflate, Honour, Office, or Eftefts, in confequence thereof; than for the Tranlgreffion it felf. As, Forfeiture of Efcheats, &c. Forfeiture of Goods, &c. A Fee becomes vacant by the Forfeiture or Rebellion of his Vaffal.

Goods forfeited, and Goods confifcated, differ: Thofe which have a known Owner who has committed fome Of- fence, whereby he lofes his Goods, are faid to be 'forfeited. Thofe which an Offender difavows, as not his own ; and which are not claim'd by any other, are faid to be confifcate. Stat. 15 Edit. 3.

Forfeiture, or Forfeit, again, is rather more general ; and Confifcation more particular, to fuch as forfeit only to the King's Exchequer. See Confiscation.

The Word is form'd of the bafe Latin, ForisfaBura ; whence Forfaltura, and ForfaiBura, and the French For- fait. ForisfaBura comes of forisfacere, which, according to Ifidore, fignifies to hurt, or offend, facerc contra ratio- KOB ; and wnich is not improbably deriv'd of fori s, out, and faccre, to do, q. d. an Aftion out of Rule, or contrary to the Rules. Sorcl will have Forfait deriv'd from the ufing of Force, or Violence : Lobineau in his Gloffary will have ForsfaBa properly to fignify a Mulft, or Amend; not a Forfeit, which latter he derives from the bafs Briton for-

fed, a Penalty.

Full Forfeiture, -plena forisfaBura, call'd alfo plena pita, is a Forfeiture of Life and Member, and all elfe that a Man has.

Forfeiture of Marriage, ForisfaBura Maritagii, a Writ, which laid againft him, who, holding by Knight's Service, and being under Age, and unmarried, refus'd her whom the Lord offer'd him, without his Difparagement, and married another. FORFEX, an Inftrument to draw Teeth withal. FORGE, properly fignifies a little Furnace, wherein Smiths, and other Artificers in Iron and Steel, t£c. heat their Metals red hot, in order to foften and render them more malleable and manageable on the Anvil, &c. See Furnace.

Farriers Forge, Silverfmiths Forge, Cutlers Forge, Lock- fmiths Forge, &c.

The Forge us'd by the feveral Operators in Iron, is very Jimple : We fhall inftance in that of the Blackfmith, to which all the reft are reducible.

The Hearth, or Fire-place, is a Maffive of Brick, about two Foot, fix Inches high: The Sack of the Forge is built upright to the Cieling, and is inclos'd over the Fore-place with a Hcvel, which leads into a Chimney, to carry away the Smoak. In the Back of the Forge, againft the Fire- place, is a thick iron Plate, with a taper Pipe fix'd therein, about five Inches long, call'd the Feivel, into which the Nofe or Pipe of the Bellows is receiv'd : The Ul'e of this Plate and Fewel is, to preferve the Pipe of the Bellows, and the Back of the Hearth from being burnt. Right before the Back, at about two Foot diftance, is the Trough, fill'd with Water, to wet the Coals in, and thereby increafe their Force; as alfo to quench the Iron in. Behind the Back of the Forge is plac'd the Bellows, one of whofe Boards is fix'd fo, that it move not, either upward, or downward ; and to the other is fitted a Rope, Chain, or even Rod ; which rif- ing perpendicularly, is fix'd to a crofs piece, call'd the Roc- ker, which moving on a kind of Fulcrum, near the Mid- dle, ferves as a Handle. .

By drawing down this Handle, the moveable Board of the Bellows rifes, and by a confiderable Weight a-top of its upper Board finks down again ; and by this alternate Agi- tation performs the Office of a pair of Bellows.

Srazicrs, and Coppcrfmiths Forge differs but little from that already defcrib'd ; only that it is much lefs, and that nothing is burnt in it but Charcoal ; the Metals us'd by thefe Operators not being able to fuftain the Violence of Pit Coal. Forge is alfo us'd for a large Furnace, wherein iron Oar taken out of the Mine, is melted down. See Iron.

But this is not fo properly call'd a Forge, as a Furnace. See Furnacf.

Forge is more properly us'd for another kind of Fur- JKe, wherein the iron Oar, melted down and feparated in e ated, and fus'd over again, and beaten with large Ham- pers; and thus render'd more foft, pure,duftile, and fit for
 * former Furnace, and there caft into Sows, and Piggs, is
 * ■ See Iron. r '

Of thefe Forge, there are two kind ; which the Iron fuc- «iUvely paffes through, before it comes to the Smith, i he firfl, call'd the Fina/y, where the Pigs are work'd

into Grofs Iron, and prepar'd for the fecond, which is call'd the Lbafery, where it is further wrought into Bars, fit for Ule. See Finarv, &c.

FORGER of Falfe 'Deeds, fignifies either him, that fraudulently makes, and publifhes falfe Writings, to the Prejudice of any Man's Right ; or elfe the Writ 'that lies againft him who commits this Offence.

Fitz. Nat. Sr.fol. 9 S. i. fays, That a Writ of Deceit lies againft him, who commits this Offence, and the Penalty of it is declar'd in the Sm. 5 Eliz. cap. 14.

FORGING, the Aft of beating, or hammering Iron on an Anvil ; after having firftmadeit red hot in the Forge ; llr, r to Fa 'hion, and extend it into various Forms, and works.

Iron is hammer'd, and forg'd two ways: Either by the Force of the Hand ; in which there are ufually feveral Per- lons employ'd, one of them turning the Iron, and hammer- ing likewifc; and the reft only hammering.

Or, by the Force of a Water-mill ; which raifes, and works leveral huge Hammers, beyond the Force of Man, under the Strokes whereof the Workmen prefent large Lumps, or pieces of Iron, which are fuftain'd at one End by the Anvils, and at the other by iron Chains ftften'd to the Ceiling of the Forge.

This laft way of forging is only us'd in the largeft Works, as Anchors tor Ships, £=?c. which ufually weigh feveral thou- land Pounds. See Anchor.

For the lighter Works, a finglc Man fuffices to hold, heat and turn with one Hand, while he ftrikes with the other- Each Purpofe the Work is defign'd for, requires its pro- per Heat. If it be too cold, it will not feel the Weight of the Hammer, as the Smiths call it ( i. e. will not ftretch, or give way )-, and if it be too hot, it will red-fear i. e. break or crackle under the Hammer. See Hammering.

The feveral Heats the Smiths take of their Iron, are i° A Blood-red Heat. z° A white-flame Heat. 3 A fparkling, or welding Heat. See Heat.

FORKED Heads, among Hunters, all Deers Heads, which bear two Croches on the Top ; or which have their Croches doubled.

FORLET Land, was fuch Land in the Bifhoprick of Hereford, as was granted or leas'd, dam Epifiopus in Epif- copatu fteterit; that the Succeffor might have it for his pre- fent Income.

But now that Cuftomis difus'd, and the fame Lands are granted, as others, by Leafe ; yet they ftill retain the Name. Sutterfield's Survey, fol. 56.

FORLINS, or Field Forts, are Sconces, or little For- treffes, whofe flank'd Angles are generally diftant one from another 120 Fathom - but their Extent and Figure arc dif- ferent, according to the Situation and Nature of the Ground; fome of them having whole Baftions, and others only Demi- Baftions.

They are made ufe of only for a time; either to defend the Lines of Circumvallation, or to guard fome PafTage or dangerous Poft.

FORM, in Philofophy, is the manner of being peculiar to each Body ; or that which conftitutes it fuch a particular Body, and diftinguifhes it from every other. See Body.

The Philofophers generally allow two Principles of Bo- dies: Matter, as the common Bafis, or Subftratum of all; and Form, as that which fpecifies and diftinguifhes each ; and which added to a Quantity of common Matter, deter- mines or denominates it this, or that; Wood, or Fire, or Allies, ££?c. See Principles; fee alfo Matter.

Ariflotle calls Form *»>©- ns il<rUi, the Reafin, or Man- ner of the E/Tence, or Being of a thing : But as itl* denotes Subftance,3.s well asFJfence, a mighty Controvetfy has arofe in the Schools, in which fenfe the Word is here to be us'd ; and whether Forms are to be accounted fubftantial, or only eJTcntial : i. e. Whether the Forms of Bodies be any real Subftances, and have an Exiftence diftinft from that of Matter, or not.

'Tis certain, the rnoft antient Philofophers never dreamt of making Form a Subftance. Tarmenides and Tctefius ex- prefly afiert, all natural Things to confift of one and the fame kind of Subftance, and only to differ in Accidents. And tho' Empedocles allow'd of a fubftantial Form in mixt Bodies; yet he deny'd it in the Elements, and only held an effential one.

Galen allow'd of nothing in Matter more than the Tem- perature of the primary Elements, in which he was feconded by Alex. Aphrodifieus, <Phileponus, and others.

Subflantial Forms feem to have been firft broch'd by the Followers of Ariflotle, who thought Matter, under dif- ferent Modes or Modifications, not fufficient to conflitute different Bodies ; but that fomething fubftantial was necef- fary to fet them at a fufficient Diftance : And thus introdue'd fubftantial Forms ; on the footing of Souls, which fpecify and diftinguifh. Animals.

The Confiderations which the Peripateticks principally infift on, in confirmation of this Doftrine, are : i° That with-