Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/819

 FOR

(70

FOR

The 'Paris Foot being fuppos'd to contain 1440 Parts 5 the reft will be» as follow.

'Paris — — '

Foot

1 140

Rhhlland — —

Foot

I3PIT-,

Roman ~ —

Foot

1320

London — —

Foot

1550

SwediM — —

Foot

1520

Dan'ijb — —

Foot

14.03

Venetian — —

Foot

J 5404

Conflantinoplitan —

Foot

3 1 20

Bononian — —

Foot

i it- con* fifis of two Branches, about an Inch broad $ opening and fhuttinjj like a two-foot Rule.

Theie Branches are hollow'd half way up the fide of each, to receive a kind of Tongue, or thin piece of Brafs, which is faften'd to one of them, by means whereof the Branches may be ftiut clofe together. The Ufe of this Tongue is fuch, that when the End of it is placed in the Branch it is not faften'd to, where there is a Pin that holds it, the two Branches will (land at Right Angles : To the Head of the Inflrument is likewife added a fquare piece of Brafs 5 by means whereof it does the Office of a Square. At the Bottom of the Angle of the faid Piece of Brafs is a little hole, wherein is faften'd a Line with a Plummet 5 which falling ona perpendicular Line, drawn on the Tongue, ihews whether any thing the Inflrument is applied to, be level, or not.

Foot of the Foreft, 'Pes Foreftg, in our antient Cuftoms, contain'd 18 Inches, or if of the common Feet.

Nota?2dwm eft, quod Pes Forefta: ujitatus tempore Ric. Oyfell, in Arrentatione Vaftorum, fatlus eft, fignatus £5? fculptus in fariete Cancels Ecclejt<e de Ed-wynftone, t$ in Ecclejia fleatce Mariee de Nottingham : Et diffius Pes con- tinct in Longitudine oBodecim pollices, Sec. Ex Regift, Abb. de Novo Loco in Com. Nott.

Foot Pace, Half Pace, or Landing Place, fee Stair Cafes.

Foot Sank, or Banquette, in Fortification, is a fmall Step of Earth, on which the Soldiers fland to fire over the Parapet. See Banquette.

Foot Gilde, was an antient Amerciament, for not cut- ting out the Balls of the Feet of great Dogs in the Foreft; which was done for preventing their running after the King's Deer; and was called Expeditation. See Expeditation.

Foot Husks, among Gardners, are fhort Heads, out of which Flowers grow- ■

FORAMEN., in Anatomy, a Name given to certain Holes or Perforations in divers Parts of the Body; as the

Foramen Ovale, or Foramen Sotalli, an Oval Aper- ture, or Paffage thro* the Heart of a Foetus, which clofes up after Birth.

It arifes above the Coronal Vein, near the right Auricle; and partes directly into the left Auricle of the Heart. See Heart.

The Foramen Ovale is one of the temporary Parts of the Fcetus ; wherein it differs from an Adult. It ferves for the circulating of the Blood in the Fcetus, till fuch time as the Infant breaths, and the Lungs are open'd. See Foetus, and Lungs.

Its Ufe was firft exactly defcrib'd by Leon. Sotal of Affa in Piedmont, in the Year 1562 5 who tracing the Courfes and Paffages of the Blood, afferted the Foramen Ovale to be bne, whereby the Blood in Fcetus's was convey'd from the right Ventricle to the left.

The Modern Anatomifls fland to the Difcovery; and the Foramen Ovale is now generally allow'd a part necef- fary in the Syflem of the Circulation of the Blood in the Fcetus. See Circulation.

At the Aperture of the Foramen, there is a kind of floating Membrane, which looks like a Valve ; but has nothing of the Office thereof: It does not hinder the Blood from paffi ng from either Auricle to the other : All it ferves for, according to Mr. Winflow, is, to clofe the Foramen after the Birth.

It has generally been thought, that the Foramen Ovale might fometimes remain open, even in Adults: And in ef- fect, divers Authors furnifh us with Inftances thereof.

Dr. Connor affures us he found it but half clos'd in a Girl of four or five Years old ; and in another Girl which he open'd at Oxford, there was Room left to thruft a Tent ihro'. 2)$ert. Med, Phyf. de Snip. Of, Coat.

The accurate Mc.Ccwper adds, that he has often found the Foramen Ovale open in Adults. Anat. Append. Fig. 3. And the Paris Anatomifls obferve, that in a Sea Calf the Foramen Ovale is always open ; by which means it is en- abled to flay fo long under Water.

Somewhat of this, too, is fuppos'd to have been the Cafe in the extraordinary Recoveries of divers Perfons drown'd, hang'd, &d. See Hanging, and Drowning.

But Mr. Ghejelden ventures to fet afide all thefe Autho- rities ; and contends, that the Foramen Ovale is neither open in any Adult Land Animals, nor in Amphibious Creatures;

When he firft applied himfelf to Diffection, he tells us, he had no Diflrufl of the frequent Accounts in Authors of the Foramen being open : But he afterwards found that he miftook the Oftium of the Coronary Veins for the Foramen, and the like he imagines other Authors to have done ; who affert, that it is always open in amphibious Animals; For that upon a diligent Enquiry into thefe Animals, he could never find it open in any.

Neither does he think that fufficient, to enable thofe Creatures to live under Water, as the Fcetus does in Uteroj unlefs the Ductus Arteriofus were open alfo; Chefel. op. Z)er. Phyf. Theol. L.lV.c.-[.

Foramen of the Membrana Tympani, is a Perforation in the Membrane of the Tympanum, or Drum in the Ear$ which admits of the Paflage of Wind, Smoak, &c. from the Meatus a palato to the Drum. See Ear.

This Paflage is very fmall, and runs obliquely from the Tympanum thro' the upper Part of its Membrane, near the Proceis of the Malleus. The Exiftenee of this Perforation is more evident, when Ulcers affect the Palate, by the E- grefs of Wind, upon the Patient's flopping his Nofe and Mouth, and forcing the Wind by the Ears, than by any A- natomical Infpedtion. See Tympanum.

Foramen Lacerum, fee Dura Mater.

FORCE, Vi s, or Pow er, in Mechanicks, Philofophy, &c. See Vis, and Power.

Attra6iive Force, Repelling Force, Elaftic Force, Force of Gravity, Force of Coke/ion, Central Force, Centripetal Force, Centrifugal Force, Force of hiatlivity, Refifting Force, Retarding Force, Accelerating Force, £f?c. ^

"Attraction. Repulsion. Elastic. Gravity. Cohesion. > o.p <f Central.

' Centripetal. Centrifugal. Vis Inertia. Resistance. Retardation -. Acceleration, Ge-

Force, in Common Law, fignifies an Offence, by which Violence is us'd to Perfons, or Things.

Force is either Simple, or Compound.

Simple Force is that which has no other Crime adjoin'd to it : As if one by Force do enter into another Man's Pof- feflion, without doing any other unlawful Act.

Mix'd, or Compound Force is that Violence committed with fuch a Fact as of it felf only is criminal: As if any by Force enter into another Man's Poffeflion, and there kill a Man, or ravifh a Woman, £j?c.

Force is alfo divided into 'True Force, and. Force after a fort.

There are other Branches ; as forcible Entries, forcible ^Detaining, or Holding ; unlawful Affembly, Routs, Riots, Rebellions, &c. See Forcible Entry, Forbible ^Detain- ing. Unlawful Ajjembly, Riot, &c.

Force, in Grammar, and fome other Arts, is applied to fomething which flands in lieu of, or has the fame Effect as, another.

In our Language, the / between two Vowels has the Force of a z, and is fometimes put for a z: As in Horifon, Baptifing, &c.

In Hebrew, the Dagefch 5 and in Arabic, the Tefdid, have the Force of a Letter fupprefs'd. A Figure before a Cy- pher, has the Force of ten.- ■

FORCEPS, Pair of "Tongues, a Chirurgeon's Inflru- ment, wherewith dead, and corrupt Parts are feiz'd, cut, or pulled off", &c. As alfo foreign Bodies extracted out of Wounds, &c.

They are of divers Forms, long, crooked, with Teeth, with Beaks, half-moon'd, &c. See Speculum.

FORCIBLE Entry, a violent, actual Entry into a Houfe or Land, &c. or a taking Diftrefs of any Perfon, weapon'd, whether he offer Violence or Hurt to any Perfon there, or furioufly drive any out of the Poffeflion thereof, or not. See Entry-

Forcible holding, or detaining Poffeflion is a violent Act of Refiflance, by a flrong Hand of Men, weapon'd with Harnefs, or other Action of Fear in the fame Place, or elfe- where, whereby the lawful Entry of Juftices, or others, is barr'd, or hindred.

FORTI