Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/804

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FLU

Infundibiilifonn Flowers, are fuch as referable the Fi- gure of a Funnel, i. e. broad, and ample at top, and cbn- tractcd into a Neck at bottom : Such is that of the Bear's Ear.

Cucnrbitaceotis Flowers, are fuch as refemble the Flower of the Gourd ; or have the fame Conformation therewith. See Cucurbitaceous.

' Stamineous Flowers, are fuch as have no Petala, but confift wholly ofStamina's or Threads, with Apices a-top.

The Leaves placed around thefe Stamina, are not to be efteem'd as Petala, but a Calix ; in regard they afterwards become a Capfula, or Cover, including the Seed 5 which is the Office of the Calix alone. See Calix.

In efreft, it is effential to the Leaves of Flowers, not to ferve as a Cover to the Seeds that fuccecd them : And this is the only Characterillic that diftinguifhes the Leaves, or Petala of Flowers from their Calix'; for, that no particu- lar Colour of the Leaves docs determine, whether the Parts in difpute be Leaves of the Flower, or the Calix of the Flowers, appears hence, that there are Tome Leaves of Flowers, which arc green like the Calix; and fome Calices

colour'd, like Petala. ..

Leguminous Beowwrs, are thofe of Leguminous Plants. Thcie bear fome Refcmblance to a flying Butterfly ; for which reafon they arc alfo called 'Papillionaceous Flowers. 'Papillionaceous Flowers, confift of four or five Leaves, whereof the uppermoft is called Fexillum, orStandard; and the lowcft Carina, as refembling the Bottom or Keel of a Boat : Thofe between the two, are called Lateral Leaves, or Abe.

From the Bottom of the Calix atifes a Pfftilj which is in- compafs'd with a Sheath, or Cover, fringed with Stamina. This Piftil always becomes the Fruit, and is ufually called the Pod, in Latin, Siliqua. Sec Leguminous.

Umbeltiform Flowers, are thofe with feveral Leaves doubled, and difpos'd in manner of a Rofe ; and whofe Ca- lix effcntially becomes a Fruit of two Seeds, join'd, before they come to Maturity; but afterwards eaiily feparated again.

They have this Denomination, by reafon they are ge- nerally fuifain'd by a Number ofThreads, which proceed- ing from the fame Centre, arc branch'd all around, like the Sticks of an Umbrello.

Of this kind arc the Flowers of Fennel, Angelica, ifc. See Umeellifop.m.

Verticillate Flowers, are thofe ranged, as it were, in Stories, Rings, or Rays along the Stems : Such are thofe of Horehound, Clary, £5?c.

Flowers, in Gardening, are diftinguifh'd, into Early, or Spring-Flowers, which flourifh in the Months of March, April, and May.

Such are rhe Anemonies, Daffodils, Hyacinths, Tulips, Junquils, Cowilips, Primrofes, £5?£.

Summer Flowers, which open in June, July, and Au- guft, as Pinks, Gilly Flowers, Lillies, Dafies, Campanulas, Poppies, Sun Flowers, ckc.

And Autumnal, or Late Flowers, thofe of September and •OHober ; as the Oculus Chrifli, Indian Pinks, and Rofes, Panfy, Flower Gentle, &c.

Of thefe Flowers, thofe which fubfift all the Year, wo

mean in the Stem, or Root at leaft, are called 'Perennials ■

And thofe which are to be planted, or fow'd a-freih. every

Year, according to the Seafon, are called Annuals. — ' — See

Green-house.

Flower, in Architect ure, according to Fitruvius, is a Re- prefentation of fome imaginary Flower, by way of crown- ing, or finifhing, on the Top ot a Dome, fi?c.

In lieu of this the Moderns commonly ufe a Vafe, Ball, or the like.

Flower of the Capital, is an Ornament of Sculpture, in form of a Rofe, in the middle of the Sweep, of the Corinthian Abacus : In that of the Compofite, 'tis an imaginary kind of Flower. Sec Capital.

Flowers, in Chymiflry, are the fincft, and moll fubtlc Parts of dry Bodies, rais'd by Fire, into the Head, and Alu- dels; and adhering to them, inform of a fine Powder, or Dull. Such are the Flowers of Sulphur, Benjamin, ?£c. See Sublimation.

_ Flower of Sulphur, or Srimfioue, is prepared by put- ting the Sulphur grofly powder'd into a Glafs'Body, placed in a fmall open Fire, with another earthen Veffel of the fame form aver, or in it, Neck to Neck. This difpofed, the Fire will fublime, or raife the Flowers, and gather them m the upper Veffel. See Aludel ; fee alfo Sulphur.

Flower of Wheat, Rye, and other Pulfe. See Fa- rina.

Flowers, in the Animal Occonomy, are Womcns month- ly Purgations, or Menfes. See Menses.

Nicod derives the Word in this fenfe from fluere, q. d. Floors : Others will have the Name occafion'd hence, that Women do not conceive, till they have had their Flowers ; !o that thelc are a lort of Forerunners of their Fruit.—

Flowers, in Rhetoric, are Figures, or Ornaments of DiC courfe, by-the Lathis called Flofiu/i. See Figure.

FLoWEp.-rfe-Z/'j, or, as it is vulgarly wrote, de Luce, In Heraldry,is a bearing anticntly of great Dignity ; being re- puted the nobleft of M Flowers, and as fuch having 'been in all Ages the Charge of the Royal Efcutcheon of the Kings of France ; thoguh Trace of Time has made the bearing thereof more vulgar.

In fome Coats 'tis bore Single; in others Triple ; in others it is Semce, feeded all over the Efcutcheon.

FLOWERAGE, a Colleaion of Flowers of feveral kinds fet together in Hulks, and hung up with Strings. — —

FLOWER'D, in the Manu'faflures. A Stuff, or Cloth; is faid to be flower'd, flourijh'd, fprig'd, or figur'd, when there are Rcprefentations of Flowers, either natural, or ima- ginary wrought thereon.

There are Stuffs flower'd of almoff all kinds of Matters: Flowers of Gold, Silver, Silk, Wool, Thread, Cotton, Sfc. Stuffs and Cloths are ufually denominated from the Ground, whereon the Flowers are raifed.

Thus there are flower'd Velvets, Taffaties,' Damafks, Satins, Mohairs, Dimities, ($c. See Velvet, Taffaty, Damask, &c.

Thofe flower'd with Gold and Silver, are more ufually called "Brocades. See Brocade.

The Flowers are ufually wrought at the fame time with the Cloth, or Ground. The Threads of the Warp are rais'd, and lowerd by means of Packthreads, pafs'd through them in mounting the Loom ; and the Manutacf urcr Aroot- ing his Warp, or matter of the Flowers, whether Gold, Sil- ver, Silk, or the like between the Threads thus rais'd, forms the Flowers. See Wart, Woof, Weaving, %£c.

'Tis very curious to fee them mount a Loom ; or, as they call it, Read a Defign, to be rcprcfented on a Stuff: But it is next to impoffible to defcribc it ; yet we have endeavour'd to give fome idea thereof under the Article Design; fee alio Tapistry.

FLUIDITY, in Phyficks, that State or Afftaion of Bo- dies, which denominates, or renders them fluid ; fee Fluid. Fluidity ftands in direct Oppofition to Firmnefs, or So- lidity. See Firmness.

It is diftinguifh'd from Liquidity, and Humidity, in that the Idea of the firff is ablblute, and the Property contain'd in the thing it felf ; whereas that of the latter is relative, and implies wetting, or adhering; ;'. c. fomewhat that gives us the Scnfation of Wetnefs, or Moiflure, and which would have no Exiftcnce, but for our Senfes.

Thus, melted Metals, Air, vEther, and even Smoak and Flame it felf arc Fluid Bodies, but not Liquid ones ; their Parts being actually dry, and not leaving any Senfe of Moi- flure. See Liquid, and Humidity.

The Kature, or Caufe of Fluidity has been varioufly af- fign'd. The Ga/Jendijls, and antient Corpufcularians, re- quire ouly three Conditions as neceffary thereto, viz. a Small- nefs and Smoothnels of the Particles of the Body; Vacui- ties interlperted between them ; and a Spherical Figure. Thus the Epicurean Poet, Lucretius,

Ilia autem debent ex lavibits aique rotundis Bffe magis, fluido qu£ corpore liquida conftant.

The Carte/ians, and after them Dr. Hook, Mr. Boyle, Sic. befide the Circumftances above mentioned, require a va- rious, perpetual, interline Motion of the Particles of the Bo- dies, as that which principally contributes to Fluidity.

Fluidity then, according to thefe Philofophers, confifts in this, that the Parts of the Body being very fine, and fmall, are fo difpoled by Motion, or Figure, as that they can eaiily Hide over one another's Surfaces all mariner of ways ; and that they be in a conftant, various, leparate Agitation to and fro ; and that they only touch one another in fome Parts of their Surfaces.

Mr. Boyle in his Hiftory of Fluidity mentions thefe three as the Conditions principally required to Fluidity, viz.

i° The Miuutetiefs of 'Parts: As, in effect, we find that Fire, by dividing Metals into fine, fmall Parts, renders theirs fluid ; and that acid Menftruums diffolve and render them fluid after the like manner; and that Fire turns the hard Body of common Salt almoft wholly into a Liquor, by Di- ftillation : Not but that the Figure of the Particles may have a confiderable Share in Fluidity.

Thus Mercury, whofe Parts are doubtlefs much groffcr than thofe of Oil and Water, is yet more fluid than either of them: And thus Oil, by the Aaion of Fire, may be converted into a confident Suhftance, like Butter.

2 Store of Vacuities interfperfed between the Cotpuf- cles, to give room for the feveral Particles to move amonij themfelves.

3" A Motion and Agitation of the Corpufcles ; either from feme Principle of Mobility within themfelves, or from fome extraneous Agent, penetrating and entering the Pores, moving varioufly among them, and communicating to them part of its Motion.


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