Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/80

 ADM

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ADO

Authors are divided about the Origin and Denomina- tion of this important Officer, whom we find ertablifli'd, with Tome Variation, in molt Kingdoms that border on the

Sea. Some borrow it from the Greeks ; the Captain of

the Seas, under the Emperors of Conftanrwople, being called Amtralim or AlntiraltSi of«A/w?@-, Saline 5 or oa^h, Salt Water., and *fx©"» frincep ; in regard his Jurifdiclion lay on the Sea, which the Latins call Sahrm. — But it is to be obferv'd, that this Officer had not the fupreme Admini- ftration of Naval Affairs ; that immediately beiong'd to the 2)ux Magnus, or grand General 5 to whom the Amiralius was fubordinate, in Quality of Protocomes, firft Count, or Affociate. See Comes.

Others derive the Name from the Arabic Amir or Emir, Lord ; and the Greek csaw, Marine : and accordingly, we frequently find Emir in TuOfiaras, Ccdrenus, Nicetas, and other Greeks of that Time, ufed in the Senfe of a Com- mander. — Add, that in the Life of St. 'Peter 'Thomafitis, we meet with Admiratus Jerusalem, for the Governor of Je- rusalem, under the Soldan of Egypt. A nd hence, fome will have both the Name and the Dignity of Oriental, and even Sara-zen Extraction : As, in effect, there are no Inftances of Admirals in this Part of Europe, before the Year 12845 when 'Philip of France, who had attended St. Louis to the Wars agairift the Sarazens, created an Admiral.

To fay no more, 2)« Cange affures us, that the Sicilians were the firft, and the Genoefe the next after 'em, who gave the Denomination Admiral to the Commanders of their Naval Armaments ; and that they took it from thcSarazenor Arabic Amir, a general Name for any commanding Officer. — The Rr'A Admiral we read of in our Engltjh Affairs, was under Ed-ward I.

The Lord High Admiral of England, in fome antient Records called Capitaneus Marimorum, is Judge or Presi- dent of the Court of Admiralty. See Apmiral's Court.

He takes Cognizance, by hitnfcUi his Lieutenant, or De- puties, of all Crimes committed on the Sea, or the Coafts thereof; and all the Civil and Marine Transitions relating thereto : As alfo of what is done in all great Ships, riding in any great River, beneath the Bridges thereof next the Sea.

Antiently, the Admiral had alfo Jurifdiclion in all Caufes of Merchants and Mariners ; not only on the Sea, but in all

foreign Parts. -We have had no High Admiral for fome

Years ; the Office being pur in Commiffion, or under the Administration of the Lords Cotmmfjioners of 'the Admiralty. See Commission.

Admiral is alfo ufed for the Commander in Chief of a finglc Fleet, or Squadron. See Fleet.

Thus, we fay, the Admiral of the Red; Admiral of the White ; and Admiral of the Blue. See Squadron, Na- vy, &c.

The Term is alfo applied to all Flag-Officers : In which Scnfe it includes Vice-Admirals and Rear -Admirals. See 'S'LLG-Officer.

Rear- Admiral.? « SRear- Admiral. K/w- Admiral. S cV 'ice- Admiral.

Vice- Admiral, is alfo an Officer appointed by the Lord High Admiral, in divers Parts of the Kingdom, with Judges and Mar/hals fubordinate to him; for the exercifing of Ju- rifdiftion in Maritime Affairs, within their refpeftive Limits. There are upwards of twenty Vice- Admirals. — From their Decifions and Sentences, Appeal lies to the Court of Admi- ralty in London.

There are alfo Admirals of the Galleys. See Galley. Monjlre/et makes mention of an Admiral of the Archers, cr Crofs-bo-zv-Men.

Admiral, is likewife the Name of the principal Veffel of a Fleet, which carries the Admiral on board. See Fleet, Navy, SSfc.

When two Ships of War, bearing the fame Colours, meet in the fame Port ; thar which arrived firit, has the Title aad Prerogative of Admiral ; and^hc other, tho of greater Strength and Rate, fhall only be accounted Vice- Admiral. — 'Tis pretty much the fame with the Veffels that go to Newfoundland: : that which arrives there the firll, taking the Title and Quality of Admiral, which it retains during the whole fifhing Seafon. See Fishery.

Admiral's Court, or the High Court of Admiralty, is a Court held by the High Admiral ; to which belongs the Decifion of all Maritime Controvcrfies, Trials of Malefac- tors, and the like. See Court, and Admiral.

The Proceedings in this Court, in all Civil Matters, are according to the Civil Law ; becaufe the Sea is without the Limits of the Common Law, and under the Admiral's Ju- rifdiclion. See Civil Law.

In Criminal Affairs, which ordinarily relate to Piracy, the Proceedings in this Court were antiently likewife by Infor- mation and Accufarion, according to the Civil Law ; but that being found inconvenient, in regard no Perfon could be convifted without either their own Confeffion, or an Eye- witnefs of the Faft, fo that the greateft Offenders often

efcap'd with Impunity : there were two Statutes made by Henry VIII. enacting, That Criminals Ihould henceforth be here tried by Wirneffcs and a Jury ; and this by fpecial Commiffiun from the King to the Lord Admiral : wherein fome or the Judges of the Realm are always to be Com- miffioners; and the Trial according to the Laws q{ England % directed by rhofe Statutes. , See Jury, Trial, &c.

The Court of AdmiraPty, is faid to have been firlt erect- ed in 1357, by King Edward III. To the Civil Law,

firlt inrrodue'd by the Founder, were afterwards added, by his Succeffots, particularly Richard I. the Laws of Oleron ; and the Marine Ufcs and Conflitutions of leveral People 5 as thofe of Genoa, Tifa, Marfeiiles, Mefjina, &e. See Q- leron, and Uses.

Under this Court is alfo a Court-Merchant, or Court of Equity ; wherein all Differences between Merchants are de- cided, according to the Rules of the Civil Law. See Mer- chant.

Between the Courts of Admiralty and Common Law, there fcems to be divifnm imperium ; for in the Sea, fo far as the Low- Water Mark, is accounted infra corpus co~ mitatus adjaceiitis ; and the Caufes thence arifing are de- terminable by the Common Law : yet when the Sea is full, the Admiral has Jurisdiction there alfo fo long as the Sea flows, over Matters done between the Low- Water Mark and the Shore. See Common-Za-iw.

ADMIRALTY.— —Court of Admiralty, Commiffio- ners of the Admiralty, &c. See Admiral, Admiral's Court, &C.

Among the Hollanders, rhe Five Admiralties, are fo ma- ny Chambers, compofed of the Deputies of the Nobles, the Provinces, and the Towns ; to whom belong the equipping out of Fleets, and the lurni/hing Provifions tor 'cm.

ADMIRATION, in Grammar, a P( int or Character, in- ' timating fomething worthy to be admired cr wonder'd at. — It is cxpreffed thus ( !). See Character.

ADMISSION, Admissio, in the Ecclefiaftical Law, the Aft whereby the Bifliop, upon Examination, admits or al- lows a Clerk to be able, or competently qualify M for the Office ; which is done by the Formula Admitto te habdem. See Presentation, Induction, Institution,^-

ADMITTENDO Cierico, is a Writ granted to him who hath recovet'd his Right of Prefenraiion ag.inft the Bifliop in the Common Pleas. See Patron.

Admittendo in Socium, is a Writ for the Affociation of certain Pcrfons to Jultices of Affize formerly appointed. See Justice, and Assize.

ADNATA, in Anatomy, a pretty thick white Membrane, invetling the Ball of the Eye; called alfo Conyimtliva. See Tunic, and Conjunctiva.

The Adnata makes what we commonly call the White of the Eye -j whence it is alfo called the Albtigifiea. SeeEYE,g£e. AD Oblo, q. d. to the. eighth Number ; a Term ufed by fome antient Philofophers, to denote the higheft or fuperla- tive Degree ; becaufe in their way of diftinguifhing Quali- ties, they rcckon'd no Degree above the Eighth. See De- gree, Humour, Quality, £J?g.

ADOLESCENCE, Adolescenti a, theState of Youth; or that Period of a Perfon 's Age commencing from his In- fancy, and terminating at his full Growth. See Age.

The State of Adolefcence laits fo long as the Fibres conti- nue to grow, either in Magnitude or Firmnefs. See Fibre, Nutrition, G?g.

It is commonly computed to be between 15 and 25, or even 50 Years of Age ; tho, in different Constitutions its Terms are very different.— The Romans ufually reckon d it from 12 to 25 in Boys ; and to 21 in Girls. See Puberty, tfc. — And yet, among their Writers, Juvenis and Adolefcens are frequently ufed indifferently, for any Perfon under 45 Years.

The Word is form'd of the Latin adolefco, I grow.

The Fibres being arrived at the degree of Firmnefs, and Tenfion fufficientto fuftain the Parts, nolongeryield and give way to the Efforts of the Nutritious Matter, to extend 'em : So that their farther Accretion is flopp'd from the very Law of their Nutrition. See Solid, Death, &c.

ADONIA, or Adonic Feajis, were antient Feafts, infii- tuted in honour of Adonis ; and obferved with great Solem- nity among the Greeks, Egyptians, &c. See Feast.

They were begun by the Women ; who imitated the Cries and Lamentations of Venus, for the Death of her Pa- ramour.— When they were well weary of this, they changed their Notes, and fung his Praifes ; and made Rejoicings, as if he were ra'ifed to Life again: or rather, according to Meitr/ius, thefe two Offices made two diftinft Feafts, which were held at different times of the Year, the one fix Months after the other 5 Adonis being fuppofed to pals half the

Year with Proferpine, and half with Venus. 1 he Feaft

was alfo called Sa lamb on.

ADONIC, in the antient Poetry, was a lort ot Ihort Verfe, confifting of a Daftyl and a Spondee 5 as, Raraju- ventus. See Verse.