Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/777

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FIL

FicuRE, in the Manufactures, is applied to the various Defigns reprelented, or wrought on Velvets, Damasks, Taf- faties, Sattens, and other Cloths and Stuffs.

The moft ufual Figures of fuch Defigns are Flowers, imi- tated from the Life; or Grotefques and Compartiments of pure Fancy. Reprefentations of Men, Beafts, Birds, Land- flaps, have only been introduced fince the Tail for the Cbi- tufi Stuffs, particularly thofe called Purees, have begun to prevail among us.

"Tis the Woof of the Stuff that forms the Figures : The Warp only ferves for the Ground. In working figured Stuff", there is required a Perfon to Ihew the Workman, how far he. muft raife the Threads of the Warp, to reprefent the figure of the Defign with the Woof, which is to be pafs'd a-crofs between the Threads thus raifed. This fome call reading the Defign. See Design.

For the Figures on T'apeftry, Brocade, &c. fee Tapi- stry, iSc. ,

For fhofe given by the Callenders, 'Printers, &c. fee Callender, &c.

Figures, in Arithmetick, are the numeral Characters;. or the Characters whereby Numbers are exprefs'd, or wrote. See Character.

Thus the Number four hundred and fifty, is wrote, or exprefs'd by three Figures 450.

For the Antiquity, Ufe, iSc. of the Numeral Figures, fee Numeral CharaBer.

The Figures in Arithmetick, are the nine Digits 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, q, and o.

Figure, in Logick, a certain Difpofition of the Terms of a Syllogifm; particularly of the Medium, with regard to the Extremes.

Chauvin defines it, a proper placing or connecting of the middle Term with the Extremes, fo as to have the Effect of a Proof, or Conclufion. See Syllogism.

Hence it follows, that there are fo many Figures of Syl- logifms, as there are different Connections of the Extremes with the Medium : So that, tho' the School-men ordinarily only reckon three; yet a fourth might be admitted.

For the Medium may be either prefix'd to both Extremes; or fubjoin'd to both : Or, it may be before the Major, and after the Minor 5 or before the Minor, and behind the Ma- jor.

If it be after the Major, and before the Minor, it is ufually called the Firft Figure; this feeming the neareft way of arguing to the natural way.

If it be before the Major, and after the Minor, it is calied the Fourth and Laji; and by the Peripateticks, the Indi- rect, and by others, the Galenical Figure 5 as varying too far from the natural Form. If it precede both, 'tis called the Second Figure. And if it follow both, the T'hird Figure 5 as in the fol- lowing Technical Diftich :

Prima infra, t$ fupra : fupraque bis, Altera .- bifque Tenia vale infra medium : fupra, Ultima, 55? infra.

A Syllogifm, therefore, of the Fir/l Figure is that where- in the Medium is feverally join'd with both Extremes of the Conclufion, fo as to be predicated of the lcffer; the Con- clufion being fometimes Affirmative, and fometimes Nega- tive. In that of the Second Figure, the Medium is pre- dicated of both; and the Conclufion is always negative. In the 'third Figure, the Conclufion, which in the former Cafes is fometimes General, fometimes Special, is always Spe- cial.

The Fourth, called the Indirect Figure, fome prefer be- fore all the others; by reafon 'tis in this, alone, that the Medium or mean Term has its natural Situation, viz. in the Middle, between the Extremities; it being in the reft no more than a Medium by Office : But in the Fourth Fi- gure, the Medium is in the middle Place.

E. gr. Take the two Terms, Man, and Living for Ex- tremes, and Animal for the Medium. The Mind argues thus, There is a Connection between^Wim and Animal $ and between Animal, and Living : Therefore the Order is, Man, Animal, Living; and by Animal, as a Medium, the two Extremes are conjoin'd, as the Extremes of a Line are con- nected by the Middle.

A C B

B

Figure, in Rhetorick, is an Ornament, or Turn of Speech or Difcourfe, finer and nobler than what is ufed in natural, or ordinary talking.

Figures, by the Greeks called Schemata, are the Enrich- ments of Difcourfe, which we only ufe when raifed and moved with the Confideration of fome thing extraordinary. See Sublime.

There are two kinds of Figures 5 the one of Sentences,

and contained in the Senfe it felf, without any immediate Dependance on any particular Words; the other are only in the Words themlelves.

Of the Figures of Sentences lome arc defign'd to move; others to teach; and others only to delight : Of the firft kind, the moft confiderable are; Exclamation, Imprecation, Ob- fecration, Interrogation, ^Doubting, -Pr^tcrition, Exposition, and Epiphonema.'

Thoic of rhe Second, are the Antithefis, Correction:, Com- munication, and Sufpenfion.

Thofe of the Third, the Apoflrophe, Hypotypojis, <Pro- fopopteia, Ethop<eia, and 'Profigrapbia. See each under its proper Head, Exclamation, £Sc.

Of Figures of Words, fome are Tropes, i. e. Tranflations of Words from their proper Signification, to fome more re- mote and extraordinary one. See Trope.

The principal of thefe are, the Metaphor, Allegory, Me- tonymy, Synecdoche, Irony, and Sarcafm; Mctalepjis, A11- tonomafia, and Syllepjis.

Others, are Figures of Words, properly fo called, and not Tropes; being fo inherent in the Words, that upon changing of thofe, the Xtgure is deftroy'd; as in Amantes funt Amcntes, where the Figure would be loft, if inftead of Amentes you .mould put Smith

Of thefe, the principal are, the Repetition, Convergent Complexion, Gradation, Synonymy, Polyfyndetcn, and Po- lyptoton, Reticency, 2>isjuuclion, Similitude, Paronoma- Jy, and Tranfition. See each Figure under its Article, as Metaphor, Allegory, Metonomy, Synecdoche, I- rony, Sarcasm, &c.

Figure, in Grammar, is an Expreffion that deviates from the common and natural Rules of Grammar; either for the fake of Elegancy, or Brevity. The belt Gramma- rians only reckon four Figures; the Ellipfis, Pleonafm, Syl- lepfis, and Hyperbaton : Others add two more, viz. Antip- tofis, and Enallage. See each in its Place, Ellipsis* Pleonasm, cifc.

Figure is alfo ufed among the Divines, for the Myfteries reprefented or delivered obfeurely to us under certain Types or Actions in the Old Teflament. See Type.

Thus Manna is held a Figure, or Type of the Eucharift: The Death of Abel a Figure of the Suffering of Chrifl.

Many Divines and Criticks contend that all the Actions, Hiftories, Ceremonies,^, of the Old Teltament are only Figures, Types, and Proprieties of what was to befal un- der the New. See Mystical.

The Jews are fuppofed to have had the Figures or Sha- dows, and we the Subftance. See Prophesy.

Figure is alio applied in the like Senfe to prophane Mat- ters; as the Emblems, Enigma's, Fables, Symbols, and Hieroglyphicks of the Antients. See Emblem, Enigma,' Devise, &c.

FIGURED, in the Manufactures; A figured Camlot* Stuff, Tabby, tSc. is that whereon there are divers Defigns of Flowers, Figures, Branches, &c. imprefs'd by means of hot Irons. See Camlot.

Figured Velvet, fee Velvet.

Figured Ribbands, firft came into Fafhion about the Tear itf8o. The Method of Performance was by iuccef- fively applying Steel Plates engraven with divers Ornaments, as Flowers, Birds, Grotefques, £«fc.

But one Chandelier, a Ribbonmaker of 'Paris, invented a much better and readier way of doing it; by a Machine not unlike the Flatter ufed in Coining to flatten the Pieces of Metal, only much fimpler.

The principal Parts thereof, were two Steel Cylinders, engraven with the Figures intended to be reprefented; Thefe Cylinders were plac'd over each other, like the Rolls of a Rolling Prefs; having each of them, at one of its Extremes, a little dented Wheel, one of which catching into the other, the whole was pijt in Motion, by means of a Winch, or Handle, faften'd to the firft. The Ma- chine thus prepared : The Workman heats the Cylin- ders; and places the Ribbond in the little Space remain- ing between the two, which he contracts yet further by a Screw, that pretTes the upper down upon the lower; then, turning the Rolls by the Handle, a whole Piece of Ribbon is figured in lefs Time than a fingle Yard could be dona in the ordinary way. See Ribbond.

FILAMENT, in Medicine, Anatomy, Nat.Hiftory.efc- a Term ufed in the fame Senfe with Fibre; for thole fine Threads, whereof the Flelh, Nerves, Skins, Plants, Roots, i$ci are compofed. See Fibre.

FILANDERS, in Falconry, a Difcafe in Hawks, fga confifting of Filaments, or Strings of Blood, coagulated and dried; occafioned by a violent Rupture of fome Vein, by which the Blood extravafating, hardens into Points like Needles, to the great Annoyance of the Reins, Hips, &c.

Eilanders are alfo a fort of fine, fmall Worms, that greatly incommode the Hawk in the Gorge and about the Heart, Liver and Lungs; and which, on fome Occafions, are ofService.asthey feed on the Superfluities ef thofe Parts.

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