Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/759

 FAS

(i3)

FAT

kinds of Days, Fefli, 

The Author hereof was Nmna, who committed the Care and Direction of it to the ^Pontifex Maximum ; whom the People ufed to go and confult on every Occafion. This Cu- ftom held to the Year of Rome 550. when C. Flavins, Se- cretary of the Pontifices, expos'd in the Forum a Lift of all the Days, whereon it was lawful to work; which was fo acceptable to the People, that they made him Curule JE- dilc Ziv. L.IX. c. 46.

Thefe leffer Fafii, or Fafii Calendares, were of two Kinds: XfrbanU antl Rufiici. The Fafii Urhant t or Fafii of the City, were thofe, which obtain'd, or were obferv'd in the City. Some will have them thus call'd, by rea Ion they were expos'd publickly in divers Parts of the City; tho' by the divers Infcriptions, orGravings thereof on antique Stones, one would imagine, that private Ferfons had them likewife in their Houfes. It was thefe Fafii Urbani, Ovid under- took to illuftrate, and comment on, in his Fafiorum ; where- of we have the fix firft Books ftill remaining; the fix lair, if ever they were wrote, being loft. Befide Ovid,, feveral other Authors had undertook the fame Subject, particular- ly L. C'mcius Aliment atus, Fidvius Nobilior, Alafurius Sa- bims, Cornelius Labeo, C. Licinianus, and Nifm : Of all whom, M&crobius makes Mention, in his Saturn, and pre- ferves Fragments of each ; befide a Work of one Stfbius Marcus, entitled, 1)e Fajiis dicbus, quoted by Fulgentius, 2)e 'Prifco Sermone.

In the greater Fafii, or Fafii of the Magiftrar.es, were exprefs'd the feveral Feafts, with every thing, relating to the Gods, Religion, and the Magistrates ; the Emperors, their Birth-days, Offices, Days confecrated to them ; and Feafts, and Ceremonies, eftabliftVd in their Honour, or for their Profperity, ££c.

With a Number of fuch Circumftances, did Flattery, at length, fwell the Fafii ; whence they became denominated Magni, to diftingui/h them from the bare Calendar, or Fafii Calendared

In the Fafii Rvfiici, or Country -Fafii, were exprefs'd, the feveral Days, Feafts, &c. to be obferv'd by the Country- people ; For as thefe were taken up in tilling the Grounds, fewer Feafts, Sacrifices, Ceremonies, and Hollidays were enjoyn'd them, than on the Inhabitants of Cities: And they had fome peculiar ones, not obferv'd at Rome.

Thofe Ruftick Fafii, contain'd little more, than the Ce- remonies of the Calends, "Nones, and Ides; the Fairs, Signs of the Zodiac, Increafe, and Dccreafe of the Days, the Tu- telary Gods of each Month, and certain Dire&ions for the rural Works, to be performed each Month.

Fasti, was alio a Tablet, Chronicle, or Regifter of Time, wherein the feveral I ears were denoted by the re- fpe&ive Conluls, with the principal Events, that happen'd during their Confulat.es ; call'd alio Fafii Co nfu lares, qy Con- sular Fafii.

Omtpbrius F'anvinius, 'Pigbizts, and Janfon d'Almelo- wcen, have given us the Fafii Confulares ; the two firft, with long, and learned Comments, wherein are exprefs'd, not only the Conluls, but alfo the Dictators, Magiflri Equi- tum, Triumphs, and Ovations. 'Pighius even adds as ma- ny of the other Officers, as he could find, viz. Praetors, Tri- bunes, &c. jfanfou confines himfclf to the Conluls alone.

Fasti, is ftill applied to the Archives, and publick Re- ntiers, wherein are kept Hiftorical Memoirs, of the moil: memorable Things, befallen a People,

In the like Senfe, the Martyrology is call'd the Sacred Fafii of the Church. See Martyrology.

The Jefuit 2)u Londcl has compil'd the Fafii of Lovis le Grand, &c.

Fasti, or Dics-Fafii, were Court-days, anfwering, in fome mealure, to our Terms. See Term.

The Word Fafii, Fafiorum, is form'd of the Verb Fari, todpeak ; by rcafon, during thofe Days the Courts were open, Caufes might be heard; and the Praetor was allow'd ■fari, to pronounce the three Words, 2)o, Dico, Addico: The other Days, wherein this was prohibited, were call'd, Nefafii. Thus Ovid:

Jlle Nc-faftus erit per quern tria verba Jilentur, Faftus erit per quern lege liccbit agi.

Thefe fDics Fafii were noted in the Calendar, by the Letter F. But obferve, that there were fome Days, ex parte Fafii, partly Fafii, partly Nc-fafii, i. e. Juftice might be distributed ar certain Seafbns of the Day ; and at others not. Thefe Days were call'd Intcrciji, or Fndotercifi : Thefe were mark'd in the Calendar thus, F. P. Fafius frimi, denoting, that Juftice might be demanded during the fivft Part of that Day.

FASTIDIUM Ctbi. See Nausea.

FASriGIUM,; n Architecture, the fame with "Pediment. See Pediment.

FAT, in an Animal Body, a white, oilv, fulphurous Subftance, collected in little membranous Locuii or Ceils, in divers Parts of the Body ; ferving to keep the Parts warm, and to foften and temper the fliarp Salts in the Mafs of Blood.

Phyficians diftinguifh two kinds of Fat • the firft, call'd in Latin Pinguedo, and Axlingia, and in EnglifJs, absolute- ly, and by way of Eminence, Fat, is a grofc, whitifh Oil, found immediately under the Cutis, inclos'd in little Ba^s, call'd Cellules Adipojg, adhering to the outer Surface of a Membrane, call'd Adipofa, all over the Body, except on the Forehead, Eye lids, Penis, and Scrotum.

This Fat is nothing but the oily Part of the Aliment, or Chyle, feparated from the Arterial blood, by the adipole Glands, and carried by peculiar Duels to the membranous Cells; whence it is tranfmitted again to the Blood by the Veins.

Dr. Grew takes it to be a Coagulum of the oily Parts of the Blood, made, either by fome of its ownialine Parts, or by the nitrous Particles of the Air mingled therewith in the Lungs; which Sentiment is confirm 'd by an Experi- ment of that learned Perfon, who made an artificial Fat> by only mixing Oil of Olives with Spirit of Nitre for fome Days: And hence it is, that divers Animals, as Conies, Hares, £S?6. grow fat in Winter, and particularly in fevere frofty Weather; the Air then abounding moil in Nitre. Hence alfo it is, that the Fat .of Land Animals, is much firmer, then that of Fifties; the watery Element contain- ing lets nitrous Matter, than the Air.

In fomeSubjeas the Cellule? are fo full and'diftended, that the Fat is above an Inch thick : In others they are almoft flat ; and in emaciated Subjects, inftead of Fat, we find a fort of flaccid tranfparent Subftance, which is nothing, but the bare Membrane ; the Cells being all exhaufted. See Membrana Adiposa.

The fecond kind of Fat, call'd Sevum, Suet, and Leaf is whiter, harder, and more brittle, than the former; be- ing found in the Cavities of the Abdomen, Omentum, £5r. See Omentum, &c.

The Fat of both Kinds, fcrves as a natural Balfam, to prcferve the Body ; and by mixing with, and enveloping the Salts wherewith the Blood and Serum are highly fa- turated, keeps them from fretting and corroding the Parts of the Body, through which they pafs.

It is thought likewife, and not without Probability, to make a confiderable Part of the Nourifhment of our Bo- dies; whence, the fatteft Perfons, falling into an Atrophy, gradually lefe all their Fat, which is always quite expend- ed in fuch Cafes, e're the Dileaie become fatal.

Too much Fat is ufually attended with Heavinefs, and Drowfincls, not only from the Unwieldineis of an overgrown Body, nor from rhc ftuffing of the Cavities and T'horax alone, which fometimes obftructs theExpanfion of the Dia- phragm and Lungs, and produces a jDyfpnaa, or an Or- thopnea ; but it is likewife probable, that the Abundance of fatty, or oily Particles, return'd into the Blood, and im- plicating the more fubtle and active Parts, may hinder the neceffary Secretions in the Brain.

The Fat of Animals, for the generality, is not rcckon'd good Food ; as being hard of Digeftion, and producing a thick, vifcid Chyle. But it is of good ufe in Medicine. Calves Fat is us'd in Pomatums, and Unguents; being

refolutive, and emollient. That of Hogs and Soars, has

the fame Qualities, and is ftrcngthening befides. — —'Deers Greafe is good to fortify the Nerves, againfc the Rheuma-

tifm, Sciatica, Gout, and Fractures. Hares Greafe, ap*

plied externally, promotes Digeftion, and the Suppuration of AbfceiTes.' That of Rabbits, is nervous, and refolut- ive.— That of Cocks, and Hens, refolves and fofrens Hard- neffes. That of Geefe, has the fame Qualities ; and like- wife abates Hemorrhoids, affuages Pains in the Ear, being applied within the fame ; and opens the Belly, being taken inwardly. — —Feels Fat is efteem'd good againft the He- morrhoids and Deafnefs ; to take away Pits of the Small- Eox, and to make the Hair grow, That of the 'Trout^ efide its being emollient, is good in Diieafcs of the Anus, and Ulcers of the Breaft.

Fat, in the Sea Language, is the fame with Broad. Thus, if theTrufling in, or Tuck of a Ship's Quarter under Water be deep, they fay, fhe hath a fat Quarter.

Fat, or Vat is a great wooden VefTel, which among Brewers and Maltfters is ufed to mcafure Malt tor Expe- dition ; containing a Quarter or eight Bufhels. See Malt. It is likewife a Veflei, or Pan of Lead, ufed in the mak- ing Salt, &c. Sec Salt.

FATE, Fatum, a Term much ufed among the antient Philofophers.

It is form'd a fando, from [peaking: and primarily im- plies, the fame with F.ffatum, viz. a Word, or Decree, pro- noune'd by God; or a fix'd Sentence, whereby the Deiry has prefcrib'd the Order of Things, and allotted every Per- fon, what ftiall befall him-


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